酒精溶液对斥水土壤入渗规律的试验研究

采用室内土柱积液入渗试验,进行了不同斥水程度的2种土质的酒精溶液和蒸馏水的对比入渗试验研究,对比了不同斥水程度的土壤累积入渗量和入渗率随时间的变化,验证了Kostiakov公式在斥水土壤酒精溶液入渗的适应性,探索了i与t-1/2的拟合关系,以及全盐量和氯离子的剖面分布。结果表明,酒精入渗条件下,斥水性的存在明显影响土壤的入渗性能,而不同程度斥水性的斥水土壤的入渗能力变化不明显,但明显小于亲水土壤;湿润土层内的全盐量和Cl-的淋洗在不斥水条件下效果不明显,而在斥水土壤中较为明显,且在湿润锋处达到最大值;对土壤入渗率与入渗历时的关系,Kostiakov公式的适应性较好;i与t-1/2呈良好的指数关系。斥水性的存在影响酒精溶液入渗,但不同斥水程度的斥水土壤入渗不受酒精溶液的影响。与蒸馏水入渗相比,酒精溶液入渗极大地加速了土壤的入渗过程。     

EM38探测复垦土壤厚度分布的可行性研究

该文采用EM38电磁感应电导率仪测量辽宁省阜新市海州露天矿场复垦区一块面积为5 000 m2的覆土层的表观电导率,试探性研究表观电导率（ECa）与矿区排土场覆土厚度（TSLT）的相关性。测定结果证实ECa与相同点位剖面挖掘所得的深度数据有很好的负相关性,而两层土壤的电导率差值与上层土壤深度之间存在一定的正相关性。结合地统计克里格插值,得到了该复垦区覆土深度分布的预测趋势图。研究结论指出,基于EM38测量的表观电导率预测矿区复垦区覆土层厚度具有良好的可行性,为废弃矿区复垦质量的客观评估,提供了一种实用、简捷的工程检测 手段。     

农田土壤颗粒尺寸分布分维及颗粒体积分数的空间变异性

盐渍土膜下滴灌过程中的土壤理化性质存在空间变异性,对灌溉管理有一定影响。该文根据3个不同尺度下土壤采样及颗粒尺寸分布（PSD）测定结果,探讨了土壤PSD分维和颗粒体积分数之间的定量关系,分析了各尺度和综合尺度下土壤PSD分维和颗粒体积分数的经典统计特征和地质统计特征,根据颗粒体积分数的半方差函数计算了不同尺度颗粒体积分数的分形维,并做出了等值线图。研究表明,土壤PSD分维与黏粒的体积分数呈正相关关系,黏粒体积分数增大引起PSD分维增加的原因在于细颗粒的比表面积比粗颗粒的大;各尺度土壤PSD分维及颗粒体积分数均无强变异特征;不同尺度下土壤PSD分形维的半方差函数中块金和基台值均非常低;50 m尺度土壤PSD分维和黏粒体积分数的等值线图具有类似的集中度和走势,而砂粒体积分数和粉粒体积分数则具有相反的集中度和走势。该研究说明土壤PSD分维和颗粒体积分数都有一定的尺度依赖性。     

基于模糊神经系统与GIS的区域土壤侵蚀快速评价

土壤侵蚀调查与评价是水土保持工作的重要组成部分。该文对区域土壤侵蚀评价进行了尝试性研究,提出一种基于模糊神经系统和GIS技术的快速评价方法。研究中利用模糊神经系统技术从地面监测调查数据中提取土壤侵蚀强度的评价规则,建立能够全面、客观地反映特定区域范围内土壤侵蚀自然特征及规律的评价标准,在此基础之上结合GIS技术以实现对整个地区的快速评价。采用该方法进行湖北省土壤侵蚀普查,结果表明全省侵蚀面积约占国土总面积的30.1%。其中,鄂西南、鄂西北高山区土壤侵蚀情况最严重,鄂东南、鄂东北低山丘陵区次之,鄂北岗地中度侵蚀面积较大,而江汉平原基本无明显侵蚀。经验证评价结果与实际情况具有较好的一致性。     

不同改良剂对滨海盐渍土的改良效果

为了探究不同改良剂对滨海盐渍土的改良效果,以河北省中捷友谊农场学院路的滨海盐渍土为研究对象,试验设定5种不同的改良处理:TR1(有机改良剂+天然沸石)、TR2(园林废弃物+天然沸石)、TR3(有机改良剂+园林废弃物+天然沸石)、TR4(天然沸石)、TR5(有机改良剂)以及CK(对照),进行田间试验,分别于改良1个月后以及改良1a后取样,分析并测定土壤8大离子质量分数以及土壤全盐量。结果表明:改良1个月后,5种改良处理均能显著地降低土壤Ca~(2+)、Mg~(2+)和SO_4~(2)质量分数和全盐量;TR2处理和TR4处理能显著降低土壤中K~+质量分数;除TR5处理外,其他4种处理均能显著降低土壤中Na+和Cl-质量分数;只有TR5处理能够显著降低土壤中HCO_3~-质量分数和pH值。改良1a后,5种改良处理均能显著地降低土壤K~+、Ca~(2+)、Mg~(2+)、Cl~-、SO_4~(2)质量分数和全盐量;除TR5处理外,其他4个改良处理均能显著降低Na~+质量分数;改良后土壤pH值和HCO_3~-质量分数均无显著变化。因此,有机改良剂、天然沸石和园林废弃物作为改良土壤降盐材料均有助于滨海盐碱地改良,达到降盐效果。     

黄土性土壤在连续液流条件下吸附、解吸磷酸根的动力学研究

采用连续液流法研究了黄土性土壤吸附,解吸磷酸根的动力学性质。结果表明：（１）供试土壤对磷酸根的吸附,解吸扫速率可分为快,中,慢三种反应类型;（２）描述吸附,解吸反应的最优模型均为Ｅｌｏｖｉｃｈ方程,最差模型分别为一级反应方程及双常数方程,拟合差的模型对反应速率变化“敏感”,可用于反应类型划分和机理研究;（３）粘粒含量及代换量对吸附速率有著影响,游离铁对吸附速率,ＣａＣＯ３对较低温度下的吸附及较高温     

武夷山土壤形成特点与系统分类

选取武夷山土壤垂直带中 6个代表性剖面 ,研究了土壤的形成条件和特点 ;按照《中国土壤系统分类 (修订方案 )》 ,鉴定了诊断层和诊断特性 ,检索了土壤系统分类名称 ;随海拔由低到高 ,依次为湿润富铁土—湿润淋溶土—常湿淋溶土—常湿雏形土等亚纲 ;并与发生学分类、美国土壤系统分类 (USST)以及世界土壤资源参比基础 (WRB)等不同分类系统中的土壤类别归属作了参比     

Quantifying microbial biomass phosphorus in acid soils

 This study aimed to validate the fumigation-extraction method for measuring microbial biomass P in acid soils. Extractions with the Olsen (0.5 M NaHCO₃, pH 8.5) and Bray-1 (0.03 M NH₄F–0.025 M HCl) extractants at two soil:solution ratios (1 : 20 and 1 : 4, w/v) were compared using eight acid soils (pH 3.6–5.9). The data indicated that the flushes (increases following CHCl₃-fumigation) of total P (P_t) and inorganic P (P_i) determined by Olsen extraction provided little useful information for estimating the amount of microbial biomass P in the soils. Using the Bray-1 extractant at a soil:solution ratio of 1 : 4, and analysing P_i instead of P_t, improves the reproducibility (statistical significance and CV) of the P flush in these soils. In all the approaches studied, the P_i flush determined using the Bray-1 extractant at 1 : 4 provided the best estimate of soil microbial biomass P. Furthermore, the recovery of cultured bacterial and fungal biomass P added to the soils and extracted using the Bray-1 extractant at 1 : 4 was relatively constant (24.1–36.7% and 15.7–25.7%, respectively) with only one exception, and showed no relationship with soil pH, indicating that it behaved differently from added P_i (recovery decreased from 86% at pH 4.6 to 13% at pH 3.6). Thus, correcting for the incomplete recovery of biomass P using added P_i is inappropriate for acid soils. Although microbial biomass P in soil is generally estimated using the P_i flush and a conversion factor (k _P) of 0.4, more reliable estimates require that k _P values are best determined independently for each soil. Received: 3 February 2000     

中国福建省土壤的主要粘土矿物

The clay minerals of more than 200 soil samples collected from various sites of Fujian Province were studied by the X-ray diffraction method and transmission electron microscopy to study their distribution and evolution.Montmorillonite was found in coastal solonchak,paddy soils derived from marine deposit,lacustrine deposit and river deposit,and some lateritic red soil,red soil and yellow soil with a low weathering degree.Chlorite existed mainly in coastal solonchak and paddy soil developed from marine deposit.1.4nm intergradient mineral appeared frequently in yellow soil,red soil and lateritic red soil.The content of 1.4nm intergradient mineral increased with the decrease of weathering degree from lateritic red soil to red soil to yellow soil.Hydrous micas were more in coastal solonchak,paddy soils derived from marine deposit,lacustrine deposit and river deposit.and puple soil from purple shale than in other soils.Kaolinte was the most important clay mineral in the soils iun this province.The higher the soil weathering degree,the more the kaolinite existed.From yellow soil to red soil to lateritic red soil,kaolinite increased gradually,Kaolinite was the predominant clay mineral accompanied by few other minerals in typical lateritic red soil. Tubular halloysite was a widespread clay mineral in soils of Fujian Province with varying quantities.The soil derived from the paent rocks rich in feldspar contained more tubular halloysite.Spheroidal halloysite was found in a red soil and a paddy soil developed from olivine basalt gibbsite in the soils in this district was largely“primary gibbsite” which formed in the early weathering stage.Gibbsite decreased with the increase of weathering degree from yellow soil to red soil to lateritic red soil.Goethite also decreased in the same sequence while hematite increased.     

Methane emission from two Indian soils planted with different rice cultivars

In a greenhouse study, methane emissions were measured from two diverse Indian rice-growing soils planted to five rice cultivars under similar water regimes, fertilizer applications and environmental conditions. Significant variations were observed in methane emitted from soils growing different cultivars. Total methane emission varied between 8.04 and 20.92gm^–2 from IARI soil (Inceptisol) and between 1.47 and 10.91gm^–2 from Raipur soil (Vertisol) planted to rice. In all the cultivars, emissions from IARI soil were higher than from Raipur soil. The first methane flux peak was noticed during the reproductive phase and the second peak coincided with the grain-ripening stage of the rice cultivars. Received: July 7, 1996