低分子量有机酸对促进可变电荷土壤中铝溶解的影响

Low-molecular-weight （LMW） organic acids exist widely in soils and play an important role in soil processes such as mineral weathering, nutrient mobilization and A1 detoxification. In this research, a batch experiment was conducted to examine the effects of LMW organic acids on dissolution of aluminum in two variably charged soils, an Ultisol and an Oxisol. The results showed that the LMW organic acids enhanced the dissolution of A1 in the two investigated soils in the following order： citric 〉 oxalic 〉 malonic 〉 malic 〉 tartaric 〉 salicylic 〉 lactic 〉 maleic. This was generally in agreement with the magnitude of the stability constants for the Al-organic complexes. The effects of LMW organic acids on Al dissolution were greater in the Ultisol than in the Oxisol as compared to their controls. Also, the accelerating effects of citric and oxalic acids on dissolution of A1 increased with an increase in pH, while the effects of lactic and salicylic acids decreased. Additionally, when the organic acid concentration was less than 0.2 mmol L-I, the dissolution of A1 changed Iittle with increase in acid concentration. However, when the organic acid concentration was greater than 0.2 mmol L^-1,the dissolution of A1 increased with increase in acid concentration. In addition to the acid first dissociation constant and stability constant of Al-organic complexes, the promoting effects of LMW organic acids on dissolution of A1 were also related to their sorption-desorption equilibrium in the soils.     

低磷胁迫对草莓幼苗根系生长和酸性磷酸酶活性的影响

为探讨低磷胁迫对不同品种草莓幼苗的根系生长和酸性磷酸酶活性(APA)的影响,试验选取4个草莓品种（‘红颜’、‘章姬’、‘甜查理’、‘童子一号’）,采用水培的方法,设正常磷处理(KH2PO4 1×10-3 mol/L)、低磷处理(KH2PO4 1×10-6 mol/L)2个处理,分别于处理后0、7、14、21、28、35 天,取样对其根系分泌酸性磷酸酶活性进行测定分析,并于处理后35天,测定其根鲜重、主根长、侧根数。结果表明,草莓幼苗受低磷胁迫后,其主根长度受到了抑制,而同期测定的侧根数、根鲜重、根冠比则显著增加。根系分泌的酸性磷酸酶活性在低磷处理早期就有显著提高,且随着低磷胁迫的延续,其活性持续升高;各项形态、生理指标显示,供试4种草莓品种中,‘甜查理’相对于其他供试草莓品种对低磷胁迫环境适应性较好,说明可以通过选择、改良草莓的根系特性来提高草莓的磷效率。     

γ-氨基丁酸对热应激大鼠新生子代的发育及抗氧化力的影响

为研究日粮中添加γ-氨基丁酸对热应激大鼠子代发育和抗氧化功能的影响,选用90日龄的Sprague-Dawley大鼠52只(雌性大鼠39只,雄性13只)进行试验,交配后27只受孕雌鼠随机分为三组,正常对照组,热应激组和GABA热应激组,仔鼠出生后1天,测定发育指标和肝脏抗氧化指标。结果显示,与正常对照组相比,热应激组新生雌鼠和雄鼠的尾长均显著降低(P＜0.01);新生大鼠的肝脏谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶(GSH-Px)、超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)活性有所降低,丙二醛(MDA)含量有所升高,但差异均不显著。与热应激组相比,GABA热应激组新生雌鼠(P＜0.01)和雄鼠(P＜0.05)的尾长均显著提高;新生大鼠的肝脏MDA含量有所降低,GSH-Px、SOD活性有所升高,但差异均不显著。结果提示GABA一定程度上可改善孕期热应激条件下新生大鼠的抗应激能力。     

关于玉米脂肪酸值变化规律及其市场需求等有关情况的调研报告

对玉米生产、收购、储存、销售等各个环节的玉米脂肪酸值情况进行了跟踪调研,结果表明:玉米收购入库前脂肪酸值呈逐年上升趋势,机械烘干明显促进玉米脂肪酸值的提高,采购合适粮源难度大;在正常储存年限内将玉米脂肪酸值控制在宜存范围内难度相当大,管理成本大大增加,轮换周期缩短增加了轮换成本;库存玉米主要用作饲料工业和发酵工业的原料,储存2年左右玉米脂肪酸值通常在60 mgKOH/100 g～65 mgKOH/100 g左右,完全能满足市场需求.建议将宜存指标定为脂肪酸值不超过60mg/100g,但广东、福建、广西、海南四个高温高湿地区宜存指标按不超过65 mgKOH/100 g判定.     

复合南瓜粉中花生四烯酸(ARA)添加工艺研究

介绍了花生四烯酸(ARA)油剂、粉剂在复合南瓜粉中的添加工艺,论述了ARA在添加工程中发生变化的因素和可能存在的问题。采用湿法和干法2种ARA添加工艺生产复合南瓜粉,ARA平均回收率分别为93.5%和95.9%,ARA损耗率较低。2种添加工艺对乳粉的感官指标、溶解度、过氧化值等关键质量指标无影响,说明湿法和干法添加ARA工艺均是可行和可靠的,而干法添加工艺在降低ARA损耗方面具有一定的优势。     

离交法提取柠檬酸所用离交柱结构改进及操作参数的优化

通过对单室和双室离交柱吸附柠檬酸运行效果的对比,确定采用双室固定床离交柱,并对其结构进行了改进,同时优化了树脂填装高度和流体流速等。通过测量单室不同高度时树脂膨胀所引起的阻力,得出最佳高径比为2∶1。对比相同树脂高度时的双室和单室树脂膨胀所引起的阻力,说明采用双室可以明显减小树脂膨胀所引起的阻力,下室最佳高径比为2∶1,上室为1.2∶1,最佳流体流速为4倍树脂体积/h,树脂的膨胀率约为10%。     

透明质酸发酵条件的优化

为进一步提高兽疫链球菌透明质酸产量,优化了其发酵条件:当装液量30 mL/250 mL,起始pH值7.5,接种量4%,转速150 r/min,温度38℃,时间40 h,透明质酸产量的最大值为1.25 g/L,是优化前原始菌株的2.84倍。     

腐植酸对甘薯吸收利用矿质元素的影响

为探讨腐植酸对甘薯吸收利用矿质元素的影响,并为研究甘薯植株及土壤中矿质元素含量的变化情况,在大田生产条件下施用腐植酸。结果表明：施用腐植酸以后,甘薯对各矿质营养元素的吸收积累量均显著增加,增幅为12.87%~29.84%;矿质元素吸收积累量增加与腐植酸提高了不同生长时期甘薯对矿质元素的吸收速率有关,生长后期的吸收速率增幅最大。同时,施用腐植酸提高了收获期土壤中有效P、Ca、Mg和K元素的含量;使N、K、Ca、S、B和Cu的块根生产效率显著提高。施用腐植酸可以改善甘薯的矿质营养条件、提高部分矿质元素的块根生产效率。     

Fatty acid patterns of phospholipids and lipopolysaccharides in the characterisation of microbial communities in soil: a review

 This review discusses the analysis of whole-community phospholipid fatty acid (PLFA) profiles and the composition of lipopolysaccharides in order to assess the microbial biomass and the community structure in soils. For the determination of soil microbial biomass a good correlation was obtained between the total amount of PLFAs and the microbial biomass measured with methods commonly used for determinations such as total adenylate content and substrate-induced respiration. Generally, after the application of multivariate statistical analyses, whole-community fatty acid profiles indicate which communities are similar or different. However, in most cases, the organisms accounting for similarity or difference cannot be determined, and therefore artefacts could not be excluded. The fatty acids used to determine the biomass vary from those which determine the community structure. Specific attention has to be paid when choosing extraction methods in order to avoid the liberation of fatty acids from non-living organic material and deposits, and to exclude the non-target selection of lipids from living organisms, as well. By excluding the fatty acids which were presumed to be common and widespread prior to multivariate statistical analysis, estimates were improved considerably. Results from principal component analysis showed that determining the levels of fatty acids present in both low and high concentrations is essential in order to correctly identify microorganisms and accurately classify them into taxonomically defined groups. The PLFA technique has been used to elucidate different strategies employed by microorganisms to adapt to changed environmental conditions under wide ranges of soil types, management practices, climatic origins and different perturbations. It has been proposed that the classification of PLFAs into a number of chemically different subgroups should simplify the evaluating procedure and improve the assessment of soil microbial communities, since then only the subgroups assumed to be involved in key processes would be investigated. Received: 24 August 1998     

乳牛瘤胃挥发性脂肪酸的气相色谱分析

本文介绍了一种准确、可靠、简便、快速的乳牛瘤胃挥发性脂肪酸(VFA)的气相色谱分析方法。瘤胃液只经过一步前处理即可进样分析,从样品预处理到给出测定结果仅需15min,主要VFA的回收率可达97.86％～99.51％之间,变异系数在0.23％～1.19％之间。