长江流域近期水沙变化趋势及成因分析

采用双累积曲线法分析了2000—2013年长江流域7大水文站水沙变化关系,基于Mann-kendall检验法和Yamamoto突变检验法研究水沙变化趋势和突变年份。结果表明,屏山、朱沱和寸滩站的双累积曲线较为顺直。宜昌、沙市、汉口和大通站则均在2005年发生转折,斜率减小,输沙量大幅减小;长江干流径流量的变化趋势较为平稳,发生突变的现象少,仅屏山站于2001—2002和2005—2006年发生突变,而输沙量的变化趋势则较为明显,常发生强突变现象,且宜昌、沙市、汉口和大通站均无虚假点出现;造成长江干流2000年以来输沙量显著减小的主要原因是三峡水库的蓄水运用和水土保持工作的持续开展,而降雨量下降是导致径流量减小的因素之一。     

基于Copula函数的开都河年径流预测

河川径流量的准确预测对于水库调度、区域水资源优化配置具有重要意义.本文以新疆开都河为例,运用Copula函数将自变量和因变量的相关程度和相关模式有机结合,构建两变量联合分布函数,研究两变量与联合分布之间的相依结构;在此基础上,根据样本值未知的因变量边缘分布与联合分布关系,结合样本值己知的自变量概率分布,对因变量未知值进行预测.结果表明:基于Copula函数的预测方法原理明晰、计算简便、性能稳定、预测精度较高.     

Phosphorus and iron erosion from non-vegetated sites in a post-mining landscape,Lusatia, Germany: Impact on aborning mining lakes

Particulate phosphorus (P) can be transported via soil erosion in overland flow to waters, where it provides a long-term source of P for aquatic biota, and can accelerate freshwater eutrophication. Hence, knowledge of P sources is important for good environmental management. However, data on P, and related Fe, losses from various structures of a post-mining landscape are lacking. A year-long monitoring, and ten short rainfall simulations on plot scale, at ridges and rills and a combination of them, revealed high erosion from bare lignite mining dumps at Schlabendorf-North, Lusatia, Germany. The mean annual soil erosion rate from the year-long monitoring site was 18 × 10⁶ kg km^− 2 yr^− 1, corresponding to 0.034 g m^− 2 min^− 1. The erosion rates were lowest at rill plots (1.9–4.4 g m^− 2 min^− 1), intermediate at ridge plots (14.3–37.1 g m^− 2 min^− 1), and highest at a combined rill and ridge plot (48.7–63.4 g m^− 2 min^− 1). These differences in extent were due to small scale differences in morphology and extreme water repellency. The hydrophobicity leads to very low infiltration, thus generating surface runoff even at low rainfall intensities. Loss rates of P and Fe, as deduced from the year-long erosion rate, were 470–650 kg km^− 2 yr^− 1, and 37.9 × 10³–71 × 10³ kg km^− 2 yr^− 1 respectively. However, these P inputs from lignite mining dump erosion, consisting of P-poor (17–90 μg g^− 1) tertiary spoil materials, into aborning mining lakes, are negligible since they are accompanied by high Fe inputs, which favour an efficient P co-precipitation in the water column.     

城市道路集雨灌溉中的水质及其污染物控制研究现状

收集道路雨水径流作为路边绿化带灌溉补充水源,不仅能够提高雨水资源利用效率,而且可以大大降低城市绿地养护成本。道路径流水质特点以及污染物控制情况对道路集雨灌溉实现起着至关重要的作用。我国道路雨水水质及污染物控制研究尚处于初级阶段,应针对绿地对灌溉水质特殊要求,进一步开展雨水水质和污染物控制研究,以及雨水冲刷过后植被质量、土壤理化性质变化情况研究,并且根据道路绿化带乔灌草的不同特性开发相应节水灌溉措施。     

粗糙集理论在年径流预测中的应用

年径流预测对合理开发和优化利用水资源、更好地制定区域社会经济规划具有十分重要的指导意义。应用粗糙集理论研究了历史数据不确定性影响下的年径流预测问题。在结合具体实例的基础上,应用粗糙集理论给出了从预测建模、有效数据筛选到决策规则生成、最终得出预测结果的完整的预测过程。算例分析表明,应用粗糙集理论解决数据不确定性影响下的年径流预测是可行的。     

单位线方法在沿渡河流域的应用研

单位线方法在水文计算及洪水预报中得到了广泛的应用，至今仍然是汇流计算的重要工具。以沿渡河流域为研究背景，分别采用分析法及矩法推求了该流域的时段单位线，并分别用这两种单位线模拟了该流域的同次洪水过程，模拟结果表明分析法得到的单位线更加适合该流域的洪水计算。最后，在详细分析两种方法误差来源的基础上，提出了相应的改进措施。     

TOPMODEL在水阳江流域的应用及模型对DEM昀敏感性检验

将TOPMODEL模型应用到安徽水阳江流域，检验其在湿润地区的径流模拟能力，得到了较好的模拟结果。同时，利用安徽水阳江流域不同分辨率的DEM数据，进行了DEM分辨率对TOPMODEL模型的模拟结果的敏感性实验分析，结果袁明，随着流域DEM数据分辨率的降低，模型的确定性系数也随之降低，模型对流域的DEM数据是敏感的。     

坡度和降雨强度对坡耕地入渗的影响

利用人工模拟降雨对黑龙江西部半干旱区坡耕地不同坡度和不同降雨强度下的土壤水分入渗规律进行了试验研究,采用产流历时和稳定入渗速率二项指标进行分析,发现随着地面坡度的增大,产流历时提前,稳定入渗速率逐渐减小,坡面产流历时与坡度呈对数函数关系,土壤稳渗速率与坡度呈幂函数关系;随着降雨强度的增大,产流历时提前,稳定入渗速率逐渐增大;坡面产流历时与降雨强度呈指数函数关系,土壤稳定入渗速率与降雨强度也呈指数关系。     

Towards Development of Eco-Agriculture of Rainwater-Harvesting for Supplemental Irrigation in the Semi-Arid Loess Plateau of China

The semi-arid Loess Plateau is a central zone of Chinese rain-fed farming. Drought and soil erosion are the two major obstacles to restrict economic development in this semi-arid Loess Plateau. The traditional conservation agriculture and runoff agriculture have been developed for several decades, which have reduced water and soil loss and improved rainwater utilization efficiency to a certain extent. However, its regulative role in rainwater is very much limited, and problems of agriculture production, such as severe seasonal drought and water shortage, low agriculture productivity, fragile ecological environment, and low yield-invest ratio, are still going on. Supplemental irrigation of harvested rainwater is an important form of rainfall regulation and utilization on the basis of sophisticated technologies and theories of conservation agriculture and runoff agriculture, which not only promotes fulfilling rainfall harvesting in spatial location like the conservation agriculture and runoff agriculture measure but also gets at true rainfall harvesting in time distribution by principle of superposition and also decreases invalid evaporation for rainfall runoff. Agriculture productivity will be highly increased by using rainwater harvesting for supplemental irrigation. It not only brings about the integration of ecological reconstruction with economic development, but also provides a new approach to the agriculture sustainable development and overcomes two of the biggest obstacles (drought and soil erosion). It is suggested that this technology will become a strategic measure and comprehensive development model in semi-arid Loess Plateau of China.     

植物原位阻截铅锌矿区土壤重金属效果和配置模式研究

为了研究铅锌矿区植物原位阻截土壤废渣重金属效果和配置模式,采用多种植物栽培和径流小区收集水样测定的方法,3年生植物的研究结果表明：苎麻、苦楝、构树可降低废弃尾沙坝地表径流水中重金属Pb负荷输出9.04%~9.64%。栾树、构树、芦苇、苦楝、刺槐可降低地表径流水中重金属Cd负荷输出67.0%~75.86%,构树、高羊茅、刺槐、栾树、芦苇、狗牙根、五节芒可降低地表径流水中重金属Cu负荷输出52.64%~70.97%,刺槐、女贞可降低地表径流水中重金属Zn负荷输出74.99%~78.35%;在重金属污染林地,刺槐可降低地表径流水中重金属Pb负荷输出40.96%,苦楝可降低地表径流水中重金属Cd负荷输出60.42%。构树通过植物富集,可以使铅锌尾矿区尾沙中Pb、Cd、As、Zn的含量分别降低31.87%、41.28%、29.48%、38.45%;女贞可以使铅锌尾矿区尾沙中Pb、Cd、As、Zn的含量分别降低27.31%、39.52%、33.47%、27.59%。植物原位阻截和修复重金属机理一是植物富集了土壤中重金属,二是植物使土壤中重金属形态发生了变化,这种机理有待进一步研究。