THE CHANGE LAW OF THE COAL''S STRUCTURE PARAMETER WITH INCREASING THE TEMPERATURE

In this paper,we have studied the change law of the structural parameter of coal in Nan Tong Coal Mine with the increasing the temperature. At the same time, we explore the cause of the changes with the electron microscope and of infrared spectrum.     

简单屋顶绿化的滞蓄特性

设计了模拟降雨与数据采集系统,研究了短时强降雨下简单屋顶绿化基质(配比：陶粒57.0%、草炭41.5%、保水剂1.5%)的降雨产流过程,基于37次模拟降雨实验,归纳了降雨产流的一般过程、规律和特性,分析了降雨强度、基质厚度和基质初始含水率对简单屋顶绿化滞流蓄水特性的影响。结果表明：基质厚度和基质初始含水率对简单屋顶绿化的蓄水特性有显著影响,基质初始含水率越低、基质厚度越厚时蓄水特性越佳。建立了产流时间数学模型,简单屋顶绿化降雨产流时间与降雨强度呈负相关,同时也受初始含水量和基质厚度影响。随着干湿循环次数增加,基质的厚度总体呈现下降趋势,储水性能逐渐下降,延迟产流时间逐渐缩短。     

TOPMODEL在水阳江流域的应用及模型对DEM昀敏感性检验

将TOPMODEL模型应用到安徽水阳江流域，检验其在湿润地区的径流模拟能力，得到了较好的模拟结果。同时，利用安徽水阳江流域不同分辨率的DEM数据，进行了DEM分辨率对TOPMODEL模型的模拟结果的敏感性实验分析，结果袁明，随着流域DEM数据分辨率的降低，模型的确定性系数也随之降低，模型对流域的DEM数据是敏感的。     

Contribution of sewage sludge to erosion control in the rehabilitation of limestone quarries

The aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of high doses of municipal sludge on soil aggregation and to assess its value for soil erosion reduction, both under natural and in simulated rainfall conditions. Doses of 200 and 400 Mg ha⁻¹ sewage sludge (dry weight) were applied to the soil of experimental plots situated on a 28 degree slope. Two sludge application procedures were tested: pre-mixing into the soil before disposal on the slope, and direct application on the soil surface. Sheet erosion was measured by collecting the sediment carried down to a Gerlach trough situated at the base of the plots. Simulated rainfall, with an intensity of 64 mm h⁻¹, was applied to evaluate soil erodibility. When the soil had no vegetation, the erosion measured on plots treated with sludge represented less than 10 per cent of the erosion from the control plot. Even when the vegetation was well developed, the erosion was also lower in the plots where sludge had been applied. In simulated rainfall, the soil loss was inversely proportional to the sludge dose, and when sludge was applied directly on the soil surface the erosion rates and particle mobilization caused by raindrop impact were minimal. Sludge amendments increase infiltration rates and improve soil structure, increasing the mean weight diameter of aggregates and their water resistance.     

建党以来农业税制的历史变迁

中国共产党自诞生起就是农民利益的忠实代表,在制定经济政策的过程中,总是尽可能地把农民阶级的利益最大化,这从中国共产党根据不同的历史条件下,制定、调整、取消农业税制的过程中可窥一般。本文仅对中国共产党在局部执政时及全面执政后所制定的农业税制的变革及实施情况作以梳理,并期对资政存史有所裨益。     

人工降雨条件下不同坡度红壤坡面迳流泥沙变化特征研究

在人工模拟降雨强度为1.44 mm/min的条件下,研究了不同坡度(β)红壤近似裸地坡面迳流、泥沙的变化特征,研究结果表明:①地表迳流量随坡度的增大而迅速增加。②当β≤23°时,土壤侵蚀量随坡度的增大而迅速增加;当25°≤β≤40°时,土壤侵蚀量随坡度变化较小。③坡面土壤侵蚀的临界坡度则介于23°~25°之间。④坡度与侵蚀量关系可用函数表示为:S=199.1×L1.65×tan1.4β(0°≤β≤23°)。     

密云水库库区不同植物篱模式下的氮磷阻控效应

筛选拦截效果最佳、经济效益最佳的植物篱模式,为密云水库水源保护区控制坡耕地氮磷流失提供技术参考。设置“桔梗+狗牙根”“丹参+狗牙根”“桑树+野牛草”“黄芩+野牛草”4种不同的植物篱模式,监测2020年天然降水条件下的地表径流、泥沙以及养分情况,分析不同植物篱模式下径流小区的产流和产沙情况,探讨不同植物篱对坡耕地地表径流、泥沙和养分的拦截效率及其影响因素。结果表明：4种植物篱种植模式都能够起到截流减沙,减轻水环境富营养化的作用,从而避免对下游水体的污染。其中“桑树+野牛草”植物篱效果最为显著,大雨雨强下可以减流57.96%,减沙96.64%,暴雨雨强下可以减流64.63%,减沙97.17%;对氮的相对拦截量为93.14 mg,相对拦截率约88.27%;对磷的相对拦截量为25.17 mg,相对拦截率约80.72%,能有效减少地表径流中的氮、磷含量。在考虑经济效益、社会效益和生态效益下,开展植物篱防控面源污染工作中,最佳的物种选择为“桑树+野牛草”,其次为“黄芩+野牛草”。野牛草在防控水土流失与面源污染方面效果十分显著,可以作为水土保持的先锋植物推广。     

几种重金属离子对半滑舌鳎组织损伤的研究

实验室条件下,1龄半滑舌鳎(Cynoglossus semilaevisG櫣nther)暴露在浓度为0·1×10-6mg/L的Pb~(2+)、Zn~(2+)、Cd~(2+)、Cu~(2+)溶液中。随暴露时间的延长,半滑舌鳎的行为发生一定的变化:Cd~(2+)、Cu~(2+)组的鱼行动缓慢,应激性很差,偶尔还出现不协调的颤抖性游泳行为,试验结束时几乎不摄食;Pb~(2+)和Zn~(2+)组的鱼游动积极,与实验前无大差别。利用常规组织切片法检查Pb~(2+)、Zn~(2+)、Cd~(2+)、Cu~(2+)对半滑舌鳎鳃、肝脏、肾脏、脾脏、脑的组织损伤情况。结果显示,Cd~(2+)、Cu~(2+)对鳃、肝脏和肾脏的损伤最为严重,引起了次鳃小瓣结构的崩溃;肝脏细胞脂肪颗粒的变形和大量堆积,造血组织坏死;肾小球结构溃解和管细胞肥大。Pb~(2+)、Zn~(2+)组鱼次鳃小瓣基部上皮呈空泡状,粘液细胞数量减少,氯细胞肥大增生;肝脏脂肪颗粒堆积,肝细胞肥大增生;肾脏血细胞坏死,肾小管形态溃解和管细胞增生。对脾脏和脑的损伤未观察到。将行为学变化和生理损伤结合可以对在人工养殖过程中重金属的污染及早提出预警。     

Biochemical,Physical, Chemical,and Microbiological Assessment of Blue Shrimp (Litopenaeus stylirostris) Stored in Ice

Postmortem changes in blue shrimp (Litopenaeus stylirostris) muscle were studied on the basis of biochemical, chemical, physical, and microbiological changes during an 18 day storage period at 0°C. Adenosine 5′-triphosphate (ATP) content, breakdown products, K-value, pH, trimethylamine nitrogen (TMA-N), total volatile basic nitrogen (TVB-N), water holding capacity (WHC), color, and texture (shear force) changes were examined. Also, total mesophilic and psychrophilic bacterial counts were measured. K-value increased linearly (r² = 0.98) from an initial value of 1.37 ± 0.59 to 59.42 ± 6.05% at Day 18. Spoilage indicators TVB-N and TMA-N increased from 29.56 ± 1.33 and 0.69 ± 0.25 to 39.04 and 2.04 ± 0.59 mg of N/100 g at Day 18, respectively; meanwhile, the total viable counts of mesophilic and psychrophilic bacteria increased from 3.48 ± 0.44 and 2.61 ± 0.29 log CFU/g to 6.27 ± 0.21 and 7.14 ± 0.39 log CFU/g, respectively, which indicated spoilage at the end of the storage period. The pH, texture, WHC, and color were affected (p < 0.05) during the storage period. Overall, results indicate that blue shrimp muscle quality was maintained for 12 days of storage in ice.     

Water management and crop production for food security in China: A review

Food security is a high priority issue on the Chinese political agenda. China’s food security is challenged by several anthropogenic, sociopolitical and policy factors, including: population growth; urbanization and industrialization; land use changes and water scarcity; income growth and nutritional transition; and turbulence in global energy and food markets. Sustained growth in agricultural productivity and stable relations with global food suppliers are the twin anchors of food security. Shortfalls in domestic food production can take their toll on international food markets. Turbulence in global energy markets can affect food prices and supply costs, affecting food security and poverty. Policy safeguards are needed to shield food supply against such forces. China must make unremitting policy responses to address the loss of its fertile land for true progress towards the goal of national food security, by investing in infrastructure such as irrigation, drainage, storage, transport, and agricultural research and institutional reforms such as tenure security and land market liberalization. The links between water and other development-related sectors such as population, energy, food, and environment, and the interactions among them require reckoning, as they together will determine future food security and poverty reduction in China. Climate change is creating a new level of uncertainty in water governance, requiring accelerated research to avoid water-related stresses.