灌注果寡糖对生长绵羊瘤胃发酵功能的影响

采用营养灌注技术研究了果寡糖对生长绵羊瘤胃发酵功能的影响。试验选取6只安装有永久性瘤胃瘘管的内蒙古半细毛羯羊，随机分为两组，试验组一灌注1．00％果寡糖，试验组二灌注2．00％果寡糖。结果表明：灌注果寡糖可以显著（P〈0．05）降低试羊的瘤胃液相pH和瘤胃内的NH3-N浓度，显著提高（P〈0．05）瘤胃内的VFA含量和MCP含量。两个灌注水平都可以提高生长绵羊的瘤胃发酵功能。但2．00％的灌注水平仅在瘤胃NH3-N浓度的降幅方面比1．00％的灌注水平显著增大（P〈0．05），在对瘤胃液相pH值、VFA含量和MCP含量的影响方面两个灌注水平没有显著差异（P〉0．05）。     

Evaluation of Associative Effect of Whole Corn Silage and Millet Straw by Gas Production Technique in vitro

This research adopted fermentation gas production method in vitro to evaluate the associative effect of whole corn silage (WCS) and millet straw (MS).The WCS was mixed with MS in the proportion of 100:0,80:20,60:40,50:50, 40:60,20:80 and 0:100 with 3 replicates per group.The gas production,pH,ammonia nitrogen (NH₃-N), volatile fatty acids (VFA), microbial crude protein (MCP) and dry matter loss (DML) for 24,48 and 72 h of varying forage combinations were analyzed.Single factor associative effects index (SFAEI) and multiply factors associative effects index (MFAEI) of different combinations were calculated. The results showed as follows:There were significant differences of gas production among different combinations (P<0.05),and the best combination was the WCS80 group. With creasing of the content of MS,DML decreased,but the DML of WCS80 and WCS100 were similar (P>0.05). The MCP concentration of WCS100 and WCS80 was extremely significantly or significantly higher than other groups (P<0.05;P<0.01). The VFA concentration showed significant differences among different combinations (P<0.05).Among the different combinations of WCS and MS,the MFAEI of WCS80 was the largest,and that were 0.5517,0.5094 and 0.9860 at 24,48 and 72 h,respectively. The best combination of WCS and MS was 80:20.     

Evaluation of Associative Effects of Alfalfa Meal and Ammoniated Corn Straw by Gas Production Technique in vitro

This experiment was conducted to determine the best roughage combination of alfalfa meal (AM) and ammoniated corn straw (ACS),so as to improve the efficiency of roughage utilization and reduce the cost of feeding. The AM was mixed with ACS in the proportion of 100:0,80:20,60:40,50:50,40:60,20:80 and 0:100 with 3 replicates per group. The accumulated gas production (GP) at fermentation for 3,6,12,24,48 h,and the changes of pH,dry matter disappearance rate (DMD),ammonia nitrogen (NH₃-N) concentration, microbial protein (MCP) and volatile fat acids (VFA) concentration,and their single factor associative effects index (SFAEI) and multiply factors associative effects index (MFAEI) were determined by gas production technique in vitro after fermentation for 48 h. The results showed as follows:The accumulated gas production of AM20:ACS80 group was higher than that of the other groups,and the DMD of AM0:ACS100 group was significantly lower than other groups (P<0.05).The NH₃-N concentration of AM20:ACS80 and AM0:ACS100 groups was significantly higher than the other groups (P<0.05).The MCP concentration was highest in AM20:ACS80 group,and the concentration of acetic acid and TVFA in AM20:ACS80 group was the highest (P<0.05),and the acetic acid/propionic acid ratio in all groups was more than 3,which indicating that it belonged to the acetic acid fermentation type.The pH during the fermentation ranged from 6.69 to 6.85.The results of MFAEI and SFAEI of each combination indicated that only the AM20:ACS80 group showed the positive associative effects. In conclusion,the 20:80 combination ratio for AM and ACS showed the best associative effects.     

瘤胃液移植在反刍动物中的研究进展

瘤胃液移植是一种将健康供体动物的瘤胃液转移给受体动物的技术。目前,针对瘤胃液移植的报道还相对有限,但越来越多的研究结果显示,瘤胃液移植可以影响反刍动物的干物质采食量、产奶量等,还具有重建瘤胃菌群结构的潜力。本文综述了瘤胃液移植的方法及实践中的应用研究,分析其对反刍动物生长性能、瘤胃发酵、瘤胃微生物区系的影响以及在治疗某些疾病方面的作用,为反刍动物瘤胃液移植的研究提供参考。     

不同种类牧草对山羊瘤胃挥发性脂肪酸变化规律的研究

研究山羊瘤胃内放入装有不同种类牧草的尼龙袋后,瘤胃挥发性脂肪酸浓度的动态变化规律。选用带有瘤胃瘘管的山羊为实验动物,结合尼龙袋法测定3类牧草在山羊瘤胃中的挥发性脂肪酸浓度。结果表明,添加装有不同牧草的尼龙袋后,山羊瘤胃乙酸、丙酸、丁酸、总挥发性脂肪酸（TVFA）浓度及乙酸／丙酸值均呈先上升后下降的规律,并在4h达到峰值,其中乙酸浓度约为70．49％、丙酸浓度约为15．38％,瘤胃的发酵类型总体上偏向于乙酸-丙酸型．3类牧草均适用于山羊的科学饲养。由此可见,添加装有不同种类牧草的尼龙袋均会对山羊瘤胃挥发性脂肪酸产生影响,其原因主要与原料的蛋白质含量有关。     

Effects of amino nitrogen on fermentation parameters by mixed ruminal microbes when energy or nitrogen is limited

Ruminal microbes harvested from a ruminally fistulated cow were incubated in simple batch and semicontinuous cultures with NH₃‐N or amino‐N on nitrogen‐ or energy‐excess diets in quantity (HN and LN diets, respectively, consisting of timothy hay plus soybean meal, or corn grain), based on evaluation with the National Research Council and Cornell Net Carbohydrate and Protein System models. In a batch culture experiment, supplementation with amino‐N promoted digestion and fermentation in the course of incubation (4–24 h) on both diets, but these effects mostly disappeared when the diets were sufficiently digested (at 48 h). In a semicontinuous culture experiment using Rusitec, no effect of amino‐N was exhibited after sufficient fermentation and digestion, but significant promotion of digestion was shown in the course of incubation on the HN diet, while no such effect was detected on the LN diet. The microbial yield for 24 h did not show a significant difference between the N sources of either of the two diets. These results suggest that the stimulatory effects of amino‐N are diminished when the diets are sufficiently digested after a long retention and incubation, and also that the effectiveness of amino‐N does not require a quantitatively energy‐excess status.     

Influence of Disease Process and Duration on Acute Phase Proteins in Serum and Peritoneal Fluid of Horses with Colic

Background

The acute phase proteins (APP) serum amyloid A (SAA), haptoglobin, and fibrinogen are valuable blood biomarkers in equine inflammatory diseases, but knowledge of factors influencing their concentrations in blood and peritoneal fluid (PF) of horses with colic is needed.

Objectives

The objective of this study was to investigate the influence of demographics (age, sex, breed), disease process (simple obstruction, strangulating obstruction, inflammatory), disease location, disease duration, hypovolemia, and admission hospital on concentrations of APP, lactate and white blood cell counts (WBC) in horses with colic admitted to 2 referral hospitals.

Animals

The study included 367 horses with colic admitted at 2 referral hospitals.

Methods

Prospective multicenter observational study of clinical data, as well as blood and PF biomarkers. Associations between biomarker concentrations and clinical variables were analyzed using multivariate linear regression analysis.

Results

Increasing pre‐admission duration of colic was associated with increased concentrations of APP in blood and PF. Blood concentrations of SAA and fibrinogen were associated with disease process (inflammatory, strangulations, simple obstructions) in more colic duration groups (5–12 and >24 hours) than any of the other biomarkers. No relevant associations between demographic factors, hospital, or hydration status and the measured biomarkers were found.

Conclusions and Clinical Importance

In horses with colic, concentrations of APP are associated mainly with disease process and duration of colic and may thus be used for assessment of disease independently of demographic or geographic factors. Serum amyloid A may be a diagnostic marker for use in colic differential diagnosis, but further evaluation is needed.     

Induced Acute Ruminai Acidosis in Goats Treated with Yeast (Saccharomyces cerevisiae) and Bicarbonate

Ruminai acidosis was induced in twenty-one 10-month-old West African Dwarf Goats by feeding a suspension of 80 g wheat flour per kg body-weight (day 0) through a stomach tube. Ruminai and systemic acidosis was diagnosed on day 1 in all goats. Clinical signs included loss of rumination and appetite, trembling, and watery diarrhoea. The detection of acidic faeces during the first 24h was considered of diagnostic importance. Subgroups were treated orally on days 1,2, and 3 either with 1 g of sodium bicarbonate per kg bodyweight, with 1 g of baking yeast per kg, or with a combination of these treatments at 0.5 g of each per kg. A fourth group served as untreated controls.Peroral bicarbonate neutralization was highly effective in the treatment of rumen acidosis, whereas the use of yeast was found ineffective. The combined treatment had a moderate effect probably due to the bicarbonate.Three fatal cases (60%) occurred in the untreated group compared with none in the bicarbonate group, and 2 in each of the remaining groups. This corresponded to 33% of the yeast treated group and 40% of the combined treated group. Details were given on post mortem examinations performed on all survivors on day 11. Lesions included subacute rumenitis and abomasal ulcers. No lesions were found in 3 of the bicarbonate treated goats and in 2 of the animals receiving combined treatment.     

Fatty acid composition of ruminal bacteria and protozoa,and effect of defaunation on fatty acid profile in the rumen with special reference to conjugated linoleic acid in cattle

Objectives of this study were to compare fatty acid (FA) composition of ruminal bacterial (B) and protozoal (P) cells, and to investigate effect of protozoa on FA profile in the rumen of cattle. Three cows were used to prepare ruminal B and P cells. Four faunated and three defaunated cattle (half‐siblings) were used to study effect of protozoa on ruminal FA profile. Proportions of C16:0 and C18:0 in total fatty acids in B cells were 20.7% and 37.4%, whereas those in P cells were 33.4% and 11.6%, respectively. Proportions of trans‐vaccenic acid (VA) and cis‐9, trans‐11 conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) in B cells were 3.9% and 1.0%, and those in P cells were 5.5% and 1.6%, respectively, being higher in P cells. Proportions of C18:1, C18:2 and C18:3 in P cells were two to three times higher than in B cells. Proportions of unsaturated fatty acids, VA and CLA in B cells of faunated cattle were higher than those of defaunated. VA and CLA in the ruminal fluid of faunated were also 1.6 to 2.5 times higher than those of defaunated. This tendency was similar for cell‐free fraction of ruminal fluid. These results indicate that protozoa contribute greatly in VA and CLA production in the rumen.     

添加阿拉伯半乳聚糖或聚蔗糖对牛取样胚胎冷冻效果的影响

胚胎取样后由于透明带受损、细胞数减少使得冷冻存活率低于常规胚胎,本试验通过在冷冻液中添加聚蔗糖和阿拉伯半乳聚糖分析其对取样胚胎冷冻效果的影响。通过将各种冷冻液的胚胎回收率、培养24和48 h发育率同对照组进行比较,结果发现,在阿拉伯半乳聚糖系列冷冻液中,0.03 EAS₁冷冻效果最好;在聚蔗糖系列冷冻液中,0.6 EFS₁冷冻效果最好,且移植妊娠结果同培养结果一致。