不同精粗比对木薯茎叶型全混合日粮山羊瘤胃降解率的影响

本试验研究了以木薯茎叶为粗料、不同精粗比全混合日粮（TMR）养分在山羊瘤胃中的降解率,旨在为木薯茎叶在羊生产中的应用提供试验依据。选用6只装有永久性瘤胃瘘管的海南黑山羊作为试验动物,采用尼龙袋法评定6种不同精粗比（2∶8、3∶7、4∶6、5∶5、6∶4和7∶3）的TMR中干物质（DM）、粗蛋白质（CP）、中性洗涤纤维（NDF）和酸性洗涤纤维（ADF）的瘤胃降解率。结果表明,精粗比为4∶6、5∶5、6∶4、7∶3时的DM有效降解率均显著高于精粗比为2∶8、3∶7时的DM有效降解率（P<0.05）;精粗比为2∶8、3∶7、4∶6的CP有效降解率显著高于精粗比例为5∶5、6∶4、7∶3的CP有效降解率（P<0.05）;精粗比为5∶5时的NDF有效降解率显著高于其他各组（P<0.05）;精粗比为3∶7时的ADF有效降解率显著高于精粗比为4∶6、5∶5、6∶4和7∶3时的ADF有效降解率（P<0.05）。本试验中,精饲料与木薯茎叶比例为3∶7、4∶6和5∶5的全混合日粮养分有较高的瘤胃有效降解率,实际生产中建议使用精粗比4∶6~5∶5范围的TMR。     

牦牛瘤胃微生物降解纤维素及其资源利用的研究进展

牦牛主要生活在中国青藏高原地区,以采食牧草为主。研究表明,牦牛消化纤维素的能力远高于黄牛和奶牛,其主要原因在于三者瘤胃内微生物种类存在着明显的差异。牦牛瘤胃内存在着庞大的可降解纤维素的微生物群体,通过分泌纤维素酶,从而对采食的牧草具有极强的降解能力。本文主要对牦牛瘤胃微生物的组成特征、降解纤维素机制、影响因素及对牦牛瘤胃微生物资源利用进行了综述,旨在为加强对纤维素菌的利用,将其更加高效地运用于中药发酵等现代化领域中提供理论依据。     

不同分子形式氮源对瘤胃微生物发酵及蛋白合成的影响

以3只瘘管山羊作为瘤胃液供体,研究氮源的分子形式对瘤胃微生物发酵及其蛋白合成的影响。使用人工模拟瘤胃体外培养氯化铵、寡肽(3000u)、小肽(500u)、游离氨基酸等4种形式的氮源底物。结果表明:培养液pH在6.4～6.9之间变化,氨基酸组平均pH最低为6.61,氯化铵组最高为6.79;培养液氨氮浓度变化范围为11.60～29.45mg/100mL,均值以寡肽组最低,为15.70mg/100mL,氨基酸组最高,为19.15mg/100mL。微生物蛋白产量以氯化铵组的最低,为(0.2701mg/mL),且与其他3组差异极显著(P0.01),较氨基酸组下降了54.50%,两肽组数值上都高于氨基酸组。氯化铵组微生物区系原虫∶细菌(P∶B)最低为77.49%,对原虫的抑制较大,小肽组P/B最高为104.50%,利于原虫的生长,组间差异极显著(P0.01)。综上可见,氮源的分子形式对瘤胃微生物的发酵、不同区系(原虫和细菌)的蛋白质合成都有影响。     

Substitution of corn and soybean with green banana fruits and Gliricidia sepium forage in sheep fed hay‐based diets: effects on intake,digestion and growth

This study aimed to evaluate the substitution of imported corn and soybean by local feed resources from tropical production settings such as entire green banana and Gliricidia sepium forage as energy and protein sources, respectively, in sheep diets. Two experiments were conducted: first, a ‘growth trial’ and second, an in vivo digestion study. In the ‘growth trial’, 40 Martinik lambs [body weight (BW): 29.4 ± 3.6 kg; 6 months old) were used and distributed into four groups of 10 lambs each according to treatment: HBGl (banana + gliricidia at low level; 1500 g/day; 119 g/kg BW^0.75), HBGh (banana + gliricidia at high level; 3000 g/day; 238 g/kg BW^0.75), HBS (banana + soybean cake) and Control (corn + soybean cake). In digestion trial, four Martinik rams (BW: 57.2 ± 3.45 kg) fitted with ruminal and duodenal cannulae were used; treatments (HBG, HBS and Control) were similar but adjusted to metabolic body weight (MW) and just one level of gliricidia was used. Intake, average daily gain (ADG), feed intake to gain index (F:G), apparent total and ruminal digestibilities as well as nitrogen balance, microbial efficiency and volatile fatty acid (VFA) profile were monitored. Lambs fed HBGh had greater dry matter (DM) intake based on MW and ADG (173 g/day vs. 141 g/day; p < 0.001), whereas HBGl lambs showed the lowest ADG (71.5 g/day) and the worst F:G (14.4; p < 0.001). The DM, organic matter (OM), neutral detergent fibre and acid detergent fibre digestibilities were not influenced by treatment, whereas crude protein digestibility was higher (p = 0.024) in diets offered banana or corn + soybean cake (687 g/kg DM and 658 g/kg DM, respectively). Ruminal DM and OM digestibilities did not differ among treatments. Total or individual VFA concentrations were also not influenced by the diet. Higher (p = 0.006) ruminal fluid pH values were recorded for diets combining banana and gliricidia (6.54) or banana and soybean (6.39) until 3 h after a meal. As all animals on gliricidia‐ and banana‐supplemented diets gained weight and maintained a positive N balance, it is concluded that green banana and gliricidia forage may be a viable alternative to replace conventional energy and protein supplements in sheep diets.     

ORIGINAL ARTICLE: Description of development of rumen ecosystem by PCR assay in milk‐fed,weaned and finished lambs in an intensive fattening system

This study examined the reticulo‐rumen characteristics of the microbial community and its fermentative characteristics in milk‐fed, at weaning and finished lambs in a conventional fattening system. Five lambs were assigned to each of three groups: milk‐fed lambs slaughtered at 30 days (T30), weaned lambs slaughtered at 45 days (T45) and ‘finished lambs’ slaughtered at 90 days (T90). At slaughter, rumen size, fermentation parameters (pH, volatile fatty acids and microbial enzyme activity) and protozoal counts were recorded. Quantitative PCR was used to quantify the genes encoding 16S and 18S ribosomal DNA of the rumen bacterial and protozoal populations, respectively, and the sequential colonization of the rumen by cellulolytic (Ruminococcus albus, Ruminococcus flavefaciens) and amylolytic (Prevotella ruminicola, Streptococcus bovis) bacteria, and protozoa (Entodinium sp.). Denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis was used to study the development of rumen microbiota biodiversity. Intake of solid food before weaning caused a significant increase in rumen weight (p < 0.0001) and bacterial DNA (p < 0.05) and volatile fatty acid analysis concentration (p < 0.01), whereas pH declined. In milk‐fed lambs, cellulolytic bacteria were evident after 30 days. Thereafter, in the 45‐day and 90‐day groups, the proportions of R. flavefaciens decreased and R. albus increased. Amylolytic bacteria were present in milk‐fed lambs; the proportion of P. ruminicola increased in fattening lambs and S. bovis was the least abundant species. Protozoal concentrations were irregular; milk‐fed lambs had a significant number of protozoa species from Entodinium and subfamily Isotrichiidae, but they disappeared at weaning. Lamb rumen were refaunated in some individuals at 90 days (Entodinium and subfamily Diplodiniinae spp.), although individual concentrations were variable.     

瘤胃淀粉消化率及消化动力学的研究方法评述

文章探讨了研究瘤胃淀粉消化率及消化动力学的方法存在的缺陷。淀粉消化位点及该位点的消化率对反刍动物从消化道吸收养分的数量和形式具有重大影响。通过皱胃或十二指肠瘘管收集的食糜样品缺乏代表性,而双相指示剂法也不能完全解决这个问题。原位法被广泛应用于瘤胃淀粉消化速率的测定,但关于从尼龙袋中消失的物质被发酵的假设仍有待商酌。并且,原位法一次函数的假设也受到质疑,说明根据消化动力学参数估计瘤胃淀粉消化率的模型需要完善。体外法以反应体系中淀粉消失率或产气量为基础来评估淀粉消化速率,其重要前提是淀粉消化速率不能受反应体系限制。     

硝态氮添加水平对体外瘤胃发酵和微生物合成效率的影响

【目的】本试验旨在探明日粮硝态氮含量对反刍动物瘤胃发酵参数以及微生物合成效率的影响。【方法】配合硝态氮添加水平分别为0、6%、12%、18%、24%和30%的处理日粮,进行双外流连续培养体外发酵,试验期144h。【结果】日粮硝态氮添加水平不影响瘤胃pH值、总挥发酸浓度(P0.05);随日粮硝态氮添加水平的提高,丙酸摩尔比例上升(Q,P0.01),乙酸摩尔比例(Q,P0.01)和NH3-N浓度(L,P0.01)下降,干物质、有机物和粗蛋白消化率提高(Q,P0.01)和微生物合成效率(MOEEF)呈二次曲线规律变化(Q,P0.01)。【结论】硝态氮能被瘤胃微生物所利用。随日粮硝态氮添加水平的提高,瘤胃发酵参数、养分消化率和MOEEF均有不同程度的改变,其中在12%—18%添加水平范围内,MOEFF和瘤胃发酵程度最大,超过此水平有不利影响。     

红豆草缩合单宁对绵羊瘤胃代谢及饲粮尼龙袋降解率的影响

选用3只1岁半、平均体重24 kg,安装永久瘤胃瘘管的甘肃高山细毛羊羯羊,按3×3拉丁方试验设计,每个循环19 d(预试期10 d,正试期9 d),研究饲粮中红豆草缩合单宁水平对绵羊瘤胃代谢的影响。试验共设3个处理饲粮,其中红豆草缩合单宁水平依次是Ⅰ为0.00 g/kg DM、Ⅱ为1.52 g/kg DM、Ⅲ为3.03 g/kg DM。试验结果表明,3个处理的瘤胃液pH均值(依组次为6.24±0.32,6.13±0.28和6.13±0.37)无显著差异(P＞0.05);处理Ⅱ、Ⅲ瘤胃液总挥发性脂肪酸(TVFA)呈高于Ⅰ的趋势(P=0.099);处理Ⅲ的乙酸摩尔比低于处理Ⅰ(P＜0.05)与Ⅱ(P=0.074),其丙酸摩尔比较高(P=0.088),乙酸/丙酸较低(P=0.096);各处理间瘤胃液总氮、蛋白氮、细菌氮、氨态氮、尿素氮的平均浓度差异均不显著(P＞0.05)。因此,本试验结果表明,含红豆草缩合单宁3.03 g/kg DM的饲粮对绵羊瘤胃纤维素分解微生物的活性产生一定程度的抑制,而分解淀粉的微生物活性被增强。     

中草药添加剂对绵羊瘤胃微生物区系的影响

为研究中草药添加剂对绵羊瘤胃微生物区系的影响,选用15只装有永久性瘤胃瘘管的绵羊羯羊,按完全随机试验设计分为5组。其中4个试验组1个对照组,4个试验组分别添加4个中草药配方。运用分子生物学方法,对瘤胃内三种主要纤维分解菌:黄色瘤胃球菌(Ruminococcus flavefaciens)、白色瘤胃球菌(Ruminococcus albus)和产琥珀酸丝状杆菌(Fibrobacter succinogenes)进行实时定量PCR(real-time qPCR)测定。试验表明:添加中草药添加剂促进纤维分解菌的生长,各试验组中纤维分解菌数量均高于对照组。其中配方Ⅲ能够促进黄色瘤胃球菌(P0.05)和白色瘤胃球菌(P0.05)的生长。配方Ⅱ则有效地促进产琥珀酸丝状杆菌的生长(P0.05)。     

不同饼粕组合对奶牛瘤胃发酵的影响

[目的]探讨3种饼粕不同组合对奶牛瘤胃发酵的影响。[方法]将豆粕、花生粕和棉籽粕分别按1/3和2/3的比例合成6个组合,利用短期人工瘤胃技术研究6种组合对体外培养瘤胃液pH值、氨态氮（NH3-N）浓度和挥发性脂肪酸（VFA）浓度的影响。[结果]各组间pH值差异不显著;在NH3-N浓度上第2组极显著高于其他组（P〈0.01）;第3组在VFA浓度上极显著高于其他组（P〈0.01）。[结论]在6种豆粕组合中,第3组（2/3豆粕和1/3棉籽粕组合）最有利于奶牛瘤胃发酵。