热应激对奶山羊生产性能及瘤胃上皮细胞形态结构的影响

【目的】研究热应激对奶山羊生产性能及瘤胃上皮细胞形态结构的影响,为动物在炎热环境中能够维持正常生理机能以及探索促进动物抗热应激的方法提供理论基础和试验依据。【方法】本项目以泌乳中后期奶山羊为动物模型,采用逐渐加热的方式使奶山羊产生热应激,用温湿指数计算当连续1周早、中、晚THI＞72时,动物模型建立;采用动物营养学方法,研究热应激对瘤胃内发酵指标、营养物质消化率、生产性能、瘤胃上皮细胞形态结构和超微结构的影响。【结果】①试验期间试验羊THI主要在72和87之间,处于轻度和高度热应激;②热应激极显著地提高了奶山羊直肠温度和呼吸频率（P＜0.01）,显著地降低了DM、CP、OM、NDF和ADF消化率（P＜0.01）,干物质采食量和奶产量（P＜0.01）,以及乳中乳蛋白和乳脂含量（P＜0.05）,但对乳糖含量影响不显著（P＞0.05）;③热应激显著降低了一天中各时间点的pH（P＜0.05）、NH3-N浓度（P＜0.05）、TVFA浓度（P＜0.05）;④与对照组相比,在热应激30 d时,发现瘤胃液呈稀粥状,酸臭味较浓,且奶山羊瘤胃黏膜乳头呈现大面积的坏死、脱落;当在热应激45 d时,黏膜乳头坏死、脱落情况更为严重;⑤在热应激30和45 d时,瘤胃背囊和腹囊绒毛长度和宽度分别要短于对照组（P ＜0.05）,且随着热应激时间的延长,瘤胃背囊和腹囊的绒毛长度和宽度缩短的也越短（P＜0.05）。【结论】①热应激通过显著提高奶山羊的直肠温度和呼吸频率,显著降低日粮各营养物质消化率、瘤胃液发酵参数等,进而显著降低日粮干物质采食量、乳品质及其生产性能;②热应激通过破坏瘤胃上皮组织结构,致使瘤胃黏膜绒毛大面积萎缩、脱落、甚至坏死,进而导致瘤胃黏膜屏障通透性增加。     

添喂不同剂量气溶胶OT对绵羊采食、瘤胃原虫和细菌数量的影响

选取4只2岁龄、体重约50kg、装置了永久性瘤胃瘘管的小尾寒羊公羊,采取4×4拉丁方设计,在粗料型和精料型日粮条件下给绵羊添喂气溶胶OT(0,0.4,0.8,4.0g/kg日粮),以研究不同剂量气溶胶OT对绵羊采食、瘤胃原虫和细菌数量的影响。结果表明,添喂气溶胶OT 0.4,0.8,4.0g/kg日粮,在粗料型日粮条件下绵羊的自由采食量分别提高13.2%(P0.01),30.7%(P0.01)和-5.3%(P0.01),瘤胃原虫数量分别减少33.9%(P0.01),54.2%(P0.01)和86.3%(P0.01),细菌总数分别增加33.6%(P0.01),46.9%(P0.01)和-23.5%(P0.01);在精料型日粮条件下绵羊的自由采食量分别提高7.1%(P0.01),16.3%(P0.01)和-5.6%(P0.01),瘤胃原虫数量分别减少30.1%(P0.01),56.2%(P0.01)和89.0%(P0.01),细菌总数分别增加44.7%(P0.01),59.4%(P0.01)和-19.8%(P0.01)。本研究表明,添喂适量的气溶胶OT可以同时减少绵羊瘤胃原虫数量和增加细菌总数,提高绵羊采食量。     

苏子油对瘤胃体外发酵模式、脂肪酸组成及甲烷生成的影响

为探讨苏子油对瘤胃体外发酵的影响,采用人工瘤胃技术分析不同添加水平的苏子油对瘤胃发酵模式、发酵参数和瘤胃脂肪酸代谢的影响.结果表明:添加不同剂量苏子油对发酵液pH值和氨氮(NH3-N)含量无显著影响(P0.05);与对照相比较,随着苏子油添加量的增加干物质降解率、中性洗涤纤维降解率、酸性洗涤纤维降解率、发酵底物单位产气量显著降低(P0.05),甲烷产量呈下降趋势(P0.05);对TVFA无显著影响(P0.05),丙酸含量显著增加(P0.05),乙酸含量和乙酸丙酸比例显著降低(P0.05);C18:1、c9,t11-CLA和总的长链脂肪酸浓度均明显升高(P0.01).表明在粮中添加一定量的苏子油,可改变瘤胃发酵类型、降低甲烷产量、调节瘤胃液脂肪酸组成.     

瘤胃微生物对饲料中霉菌毒素的脱毒作用

反刍动物瘤胃内微生物数量巨大、种类繁多,具有多种生理功能,对霉菌毒素也具有高效的脱毒作用。本文介绍了近年来瘤胃微生物对几种主要的霉菌毒素的脱毒作用。     

不同收获期玉米青贮DM和CP奶牛瘤胃降解率研究

结果表明：蜡熟期玉米青贮DM的有效降解率（60.07%）分别比乳熟期（52.91%）和乳熟前期（45.13%）高7.16个百分点（P＜0.05）和14.94个百分点（P＜0.01）;乳熟期玉米青贮DM的有效降解率比乳熟前期高7.78个百分点（P＜0.05）.蜡熟期玉米青贮CP的有效降解率（81.93%）分别比乳熟期（76.43%）和乳熟前期（73.36%）高5.50个百分点（P＜0.05）和8.57个百分点（P＜0.05）;乳熟期玉米青贮CP的有效降解率比乳熟前期高3.07个百分点，但差异不显著.     

驱除瘤胃真菌对绵羊瘤胃内纤维物质降解的影响

选取3只体况良好,带有永久性瘤胃瘘管的蒙古羊与小尾寒羊的杂交一代公羊,运用尼龙袋法研究全部驱除瘤胃真菌对绵羊瘤胃内稻草纤维物质降解的影响.结果表明：全部驱除瘤胃厌氧真菌后,改变了瘤胃内纤维物质的降解动力学参数,显著降低了瘤胃内稻草DM、NDF、ADF的降解速率（P＜0.05）,显著提高了三者的消化延滞时间（P＜0.05）,显著降低了稻草NDF、ADF的降解率,而DM的降解率有所降低,但差异不显著（P＞0.05）.说明瘤胃真菌在纤维物质降解中发挥了重要的作用.     

灌注果寡糖对生长绵羊瘤胃发酵功能的影响

采用营养灌注技术研究了果寡糖对生长绵羊瘤胃发酵功能的影响。试验选取6只安装有永久性瘤胃瘘管的内蒙古半细毛羯羊，随机分为两组，试验组一灌注1．00％果寡糖，试验组二灌注2．00％果寡糖。结果表明：灌注果寡糖可以显著（P〈0．05）降低试羊的瘤胃液相pH和瘤胃内的NH3-N浓度，显著提高（P〈0．05）瘤胃内的VFA含量和MCP含量。两个灌注水平都可以提高生长绵羊的瘤胃发酵功能。但2．00％的灌注水平仅在瘤胃NH3-N浓度的降幅方面比1．00％的灌注水平显著增大（P〈0．05），在对瘤胃液相pH值、VFA含量和MCP含量的影响方面两个灌注水平没有显著差异（P〉0．05）。     

Seasonal changes in digestibility, passage rate and rumen fermentation of alfalfa hay in sika deer (Cervus nippon) under restricted feeding

To investigate seasonal variations in the digestive functions of sika deer, five female sika deer were provided with an amount of alfalfa hay cubes equivalent to voluntary food intake during winter. We measured the rate at which the food passed through the digestive tract, digestibility and rumen fermentation during the summer (August), autumn (November), winter (February) and spring (May). Total mean retention time in the digestive tract during summer and autumn was numerically longer than that in winter and spring, but the difference did not reach significance. Organic matter and fiber were less digestible in summer and autumn than in winter and spring (P < 0.05), whereas the digestibility of the dry matter tended to vary with the seasons (P < 0.1). Ruminal pH values seasonally changed (P < 0.01), and were the lowest in autumn. The concentration of ruminal ammonia‐nitrogen differed significantly among the seasons (P < 0.05), increasing in winter and decreasing during spring and summer. The numbers of protozoa changed significantly among the seasons (P < 0.05), being higher in autumn than in winter and spring, and intermediate in summer. The concentration of total volatile fatty acids was not seasonally affected, but the molar percentages of propionic acid and butyric acid significantly changed according to season (P < 0.05 and P < 0.01, respectively), and the ratio of acetic to propionic acid tended to change with the seasons (P < 0.1). The results of this study suggested that the digestive functions in sika deer, fed a commercial diet at a restricted level, differed notably among the seasons and these variations might partially be due to environmental effects.     

Effects of amino nitrogen on fermentation parameters by mixed ruminal microbes when energy or nitrogen is limited

Ruminal microbes harvested from a ruminally fistulated cow were incubated in simple batch and semicontinuous cultures with NH₃‐N or amino‐N on nitrogen‐ or energy‐excess diets in quantity (HN and LN diets, respectively, consisting of timothy hay plus soybean meal, or corn grain), based on evaluation with the National Research Council and Cornell Net Carbohydrate and Protein System models. In a batch culture experiment, supplementation with amino‐N promoted digestion and fermentation in the course of incubation (4–24 h) on both diets, but these effects mostly disappeared when the diets were sufficiently digested (at 48 h). In a semicontinuous culture experiment using Rusitec, no effect of amino‐N was exhibited after sufficient fermentation and digestion, but significant promotion of digestion was shown in the course of incubation on the HN diet, while no such effect was detected on the LN diet. The microbial yield for 24 h did not show a significant difference between the N sources of either of the two diets. These results suggest that the stimulatory effects of amino‐N are diminished when the diets are sufficiently digested after a long retention and incubation, and also that the effectiveness of amino‐N does not require a quantitatively energy‐excess status.