桑叶在肉牛瘤胃中的降解特性研究

为明确桑叶在肉牛瘤胃中的降解率及饲用价值,试验以桑叶为研究对象,选用6头装有永久性瘤胃瘘管的肉牛,采用尼龙袋法,研究桑叶在肉牛瘤胃中停留时间为6 h、12 h、24 h、36 h、48 h、72 h的降解变化。结果表明,桑叶营养成分丰富,其粗蛋白含量较高,达到20.64%;其干物质、粗蛋白、中性洗涤纤维和酸性洗涤纤维的降解率均随在瘤胃停留时间的延长而增大,大体上,24 h~72 h的降解率与24 h前的降解率变化差异显著(P0.05);24h之后,降解率变化较为平缓,72 h降解率最大。24 h时干物质的降解率为81.49%、粗蛋白的降解率为88.72%、中性洗涤纤维的降解率为72.59%,酸性洗涤纤维的降解率为18.94%。     

植物精油对尿素氮在瘤胃内容物中分布的影响

【目的】揭示尿素氮在奶牛瘤胃内容物中的分布特点,阐明精油对尿素氮分布和瘤胃发酵的影响。【方法】在含瘤胃液和15N尿素的发酵瓶中,加入终浓度为300 mg•L-1大蒜精油、茶树精油和尤加利精油,发酵后检测微生物中15N的丰度和瘤胃发酵指标,并利用DGGE刻画细菌群落变化。【结果】随着发酵时间的增加,瘤胃液中的尿素氮逐渐降低,而瘤胃固相和液相微生物中的尿素氮逐渐升高,发酵24 h 三者中的尿素氮基本持平。发酵24 h时,与空白对照组相比,大蒜精油处理组瘤胃固相和液相微生物尿素氮丰度分别降低了22.60%和18.75%,发酵液pH和氨氮浓度分别降低了3.02%和17.80%,异丁酸和乙酸/丙酸值有所升高。茶树精油和尤加利精油则显著降低了发酵液pH（P＜0.05）,提高了异丁酸和乙酸/丙酸值。DGGE图谱显示,发酵24 h时,3种植物精油可改变瘤胃细菌的群落结构。【结论】瘤胃尿素氮逐渐由瘤胃液向微生物中富集,大蒜精油可减缓尿素氮富集速度,改变细菌群落的组成,抑制氨氮生成。     

尿素和氢氧化钙处理玉米秸对体外瘤胃内环境的影响

为了研究尿素和氢氧化钙处理玉米秸对体外瘤胃内环境的影响,采用2因素3水平完全交叉试验设计,将尿素和氢氧化钙均按玉米秸干物质质量的2%、3%和4%的量分别添加,共9个试验组和1个对照组(添加量为0),通过短期人工瘤胃技术研究不同水平尿素和氢氧化钙处理玉米秸对瘤胃液pH值、氨氮(NH3-N)质量浓度、微生物蛋白(MCP)产量和挥发性脂肪酸(VFA)浓度的影响。结果表明,不同水平尿素和氢氧化钙处理玉米秸对瘤胃液pH值影响不显著(P>0.05);对氨氮质量浓度影响显著或极显著(P<0.05或P<0.01),但均在正常范围内;在MCP产量方面,第6、7、8组和第10组极显著高于对照、第2、3、4组和第9组(P<0.01),分别比对照组高26.74%、27.91%、36.05%和32.56%,第7、8组和第10组3个组间无显著差异(P>0.05),第8组和第10组显著高于第5组和第6组(P<0.05),第7组和第5、6组间无显著差异(P>0.05);第10组的乙酸、丙酸和丁酸3种挥发性脂肪酸总浓度极显著高于对照组(P<0.01),比对照组高84.59%,第10组极显著或显著高于其他试验组(P<0.01或P<0.05)。结果显示,第10组即尿素和氢氧化钙处理玉米秸时,添加水平均为其干物质量的4%是最适宜的。     

Effects of Limiting Amino Acids on Rumen Fermentation and Microbial Community In vitro

Three goats fitted with cannula were used to provide rumen liquor to investigate the effects of limiting amino acids on rumen fermentation and microbial community in vitro. The removal method was used in the current experiments. Treatments are total essential amino acid (TEAA), His-removal, Lys-removal, Met-removal, and branch chain amino acid (BCAA)-removal. Results indicated that, pH-value ranged between 5.9 and 6.8, with the highest mean value for the group with BCAA-removal (6.54) in the culture. Concentration of NH3-N ranged between 10.99 to 30.51 mg 100 mL-1, with the group of TEAA recording the highest average NH3-N concentration (17.85 mg 100 mL-1). Yields of microbial protein and limiting degree on microbial growth varied with treatments (P < 0.01), and the lowest accrued in treatment with BCAA-removal (0.1389, 0.1772, and 0.3161 mg mL-1 for bacteria, protozoa, and mixed microbes, respectively), compared to the group with TEAA, microbial production of mixed microbes decreased by 44.52%. As for micro-flora, protozoa to bacteria ratio was the lowe st for the group with Lys-removal (89.12%), while the h i ghe st for the group with B CAA-removal (127.60%) (P < 0.01). Furthermore, PCR-SSCP analysis revealed that, microbial profile subjected to substrates within bacteria and protozoa groups. It was therefore concluded that, dietary amino acid influenced both rumen fermentation and microbial characteristics.     

不同收获期玉米青贮DM和CP奶牛瘤胃降解率研究

结果表明：蜡熟期玉米青贮DM的有效降解率（60.07%）分别比乳熟期（52.91%）和乳熟前期（45.13%）高7.16个百分点（P＜0.05）和14.94个百分点（P＜0.01）;乳熟期玉米青贮DM的有效降解率比乳熟前期高7.78个百分点（P＜0.05）.蜡熟期玉米青贮CP的有效降解率（81.93%）分别比乳熟期（76.43%）和乳熟前期（73.36%）高5.50个百分点（P＜0.05）和8.57个百分点（P＜0.05）;乳熟期玉米青贮CP的有效降解率比乳熟前期高3.07个百分点，但差异不显著.     

驱除瘤胃真菌对绵羊瘤胃内纤维物质降解的影响

选取3只体况良好,带有永久性瘤胃瘘管的蒙古羊与小尾寒羊的杂交一代公羊,运用尼龙袋法研究全部驱除瘤胃真菌对绵羊瘤胃内稻草纤维物质降解的影响.结果表明：全部驱除瘤胃厌氧真菌后,改变了瘤胃内纤维物质的降解动力学参数,显著降低了瘤胃内稻草DM、NDF、ADF的降解速率（P＜0.05）,显著提高了三者的消化延滞时间（P＜0.05）,显著降低了稻草NDF、ADF的降解率,而DM的降解率有所降低,但差异不显著（P＞0.05）.说明瘤胃真菌在纤维物质降解中发挥了重要的作用.     

Seasonal changes in digestibility, passage rate and rumen fermentation of alfalfa hay in sika deer (Cervus nippon) under restricted feeding

To investigate seasonal variations in the digestive functions of sika deer, five female sika deer were provided with an amount of alfalfa hay cubes equivalent to voluntary food intake during winter. We measured the rate at which the food passed through the digestive tract, digestibility and rumen fermentation during the summer (August), autumn (November), winter (February) and spring (May). Total mean retention time in the digestive tract during summer and autumn was numerically longer than that in winter and spring, but the difference did not reach significance. Organic matter and fiber were less digestible in summer and autumn than in winter and spring (P < 0.05), whereas the digestibility of the dry matter tended to vary with the seasons (P < 0.1). Ruminal pH values seasonally changed (P < 0.01), and were the lowest in autumn. The concentration of ruminal ammonia‐nitrogen differed significantly among the seasons (P < 0.05), increasing in winter and decreasing during spring and summer. The numbers of protozoa changed significantly among the seasons (P < 0.05), being higher in autumn than in winter and spring, and intermediate in summer. The concentration of total volatile fatty acids was not seasonally affected, but the molar percentages of propionic acid and butyric acid significantly changed according to season (P < 0.05 and P < 0.01, respectively), and the ratio of acetic to propionic acid tended to change with the seasons (P < 0.1). The results of this study suggested that the digestive functions in sika deer, fed a commercial diet at a restricted level, differed notably among the seasons and these variations might partially be due to environmental effects.     

Effects of amino nitrogen on fermentation parameters by mixed ruminal microbes when energy or nitrogen is limited

Ruminal microbes harvested from a ruminally fistulated cow were incubated in simple batch and semicontinuous cultures with NH₃‐N or amino‐N on nitrogen‐ or energy‐excess diets in quantity (HN and LN diets, respectively, consisting of timothy hay plus soybean meal, or corn grain), based on evaluation with the National Research Council and Cornell Net Carbohydrate and Protein System models. In a batch culture experiment, supplementation with amino‐N promoted digestion and fermentation in the course of incubation (4–24 h) on both diets, but these effects mostly disappeared when the diets were sufficiently digested (at 48 h). In a semicontinuous culture experiment using Rusitec, no effect of amino‐N was exhibited after sufficient fermentation and digestion, but significant promotion of digestion was shown in the course of incubation on the HN diet, while no such effect was detected on the LN diet. The microbial yield for 24 h did not show a significant difference between the N sources of either of the two diets. These results suggest that the stimulatory effects of amino‐N are diminished when the diets are sufficiently digested after a long retention and incubation, and also that the effectiveness of amino‐N does not require a quantitatively energy‐excess status.     

Validation and application of real-time polymerase chain reaction assays for representative rumen bacteria

Real‐time polymerase chain reaction (PCR) assays for 11 representative rumen bacterial species were validated. The sensitivity was tested by using the serially diluted target 16S rDNA from respective bacterial species. The recovery of the target DNA and the assay reproducibility were determined using DNA from rumen fluid spiked with different quantities of the target. Minimum detection levels for the target were 10–100 copies in pure culture. The recovery of the added target ranged from 82.4 to 116.6%. The intra‐ and inter‐assay variations of each assay were <9.4 and <12.6%, respectively. Therefore, the real‐time PCR assays evaluated in the present study are considered to be sufficiently reliable for monitoring all 11 bacterial species in the rumen. The assays were then applied to the monitoring of the bacterial species attached to ruminally incubated rice straw. Among the monitored fibrolytic species, Fibrobacter succinogenes was found to be the most dominant, accounting for 2.61% of total bacteria after 24 h incubation. Selenomonas ruminantium and Streptococcus bovis, non‐fibrolytics, were detected on the rice straw at 8.96% and 1.16% of total bacteria, respectively. Such high levels of non‐fibrolytics on the plant fiber suggest a synergistic relationship between fibrolytics and non‐fibrolytics.