过瘤胃保护胆碱在反刍动物生产上的应用

过瘤胃保护胆碱(RPC),可直接添加到日粮中供饲反刍动物,不受瘤胃微生物降解。许多研究证明,RPC能提高反刍动物的生产性能改善其血液、肝脏代谢。本文简要介绍了过瘤胃保护胆碱对反刍动物的影响及作用机理,并对有待于继续研究的问题进行了探讨。     

Impact of Pediococcus pentosaceus and Pichia anomala in combination with chitinase on the preservation of high‐moisture alfalfa hay

This study assessed the effects of applying Pediococcus pentosaceus (PED) or Pichia anomala (PIC) in combination with chitinase (CH) on the conservation characteristics and rumen digestibility of large round‐bale high‐moisture alfalfa hay (HMH). Alfalfa was wilted in the field to 23%–27% moisture and baled without (Control) or with PED + CH, PIC + CH and propionic acid (PA). The study was repeated yearly from 2012 to 2014. The PED + CH‐treated HMH had the numerically lowest high degree day (bale internal temperature >30°C) in all 3 years, which was less (p < .05) than Control HMH and PA in 2012. Treatments had no effect on pH, but mixed effects on chemical and microbial compositions across 3 years. The PED + CH treatment had the highest water‐soluble carbohydrate (WSC) content (p < .05) in 2012 and 2014, whereas PA treatment had the lowest (p < .05) WSC in these years. Total bacteria were decreased (p < .001) by PIC + CH and PED + CH in 2012 only. The PED + CH treatment had greater (p < .01) soluble fraction of dry matter (DM) than Control HMH and PA in both 2012 and 2014, but treatments did not affect the potential degradable fraction of DM. The PED + CH and PIC + CH treatments increased (p < .01) in situ neutral detergent fibre digestibility after 6, 24 and 96 hr of ruminal incubation in 2012 but not in 2014. Combinations of P. pentosaceus or P. anomala with chitinase have potential as high‐moisture hay inoculants to reduce microbial spoilage and to increase fibre digestibility.     

大豆素对肉牛瘤胃发酵功能的影响

试验旨在研究日粮中添加大豆素对锦江黄牛瘤胃发酵的影响。选取3头健康且安装有永久性瘤胃瘘管的锦江黄牛,采用自身对照设计,试验分对照期和试验期,大豆素添加量500 mg/kg精料。结果表明:1)添加大豆素能使试验期牛瘤胃各时间点p H值显著低于对照期(P=0.036),且在正常瘤胃p H范围内;2)添加大豆素能提高瘤胃液中TVFA、丙酸、丁酸、乙酸浓度及乙酸/丙酸比值,但差异不显著(P﹥0.05);3)添加大豆素使试验期牛各时间点NH3-N浓度较对照期显著降低(P=0.002);4)添加大豆素能使试验期牛微生物蛋白(MCP)合成量较对照期有提高趋势(P=0.053)。综合分析表明大豆素具有改善瘤胃发酵功能作用。     

胡麻饼的营养成分测定及其在陕北白绒山羊瘤胃内降解利用的研究

为充分利用当地饲料资源,测定和分析胡麻饼常规营养成分,然后将其放入装有永久性瘤胃瘘管陕北白绒山羊的瘤胃内,用尼龙袋法测定和分析了胡麻饼在6、12、24、48 h 内干物质(DM)、粗蛋白(CP)、粗纤维(CF)的瘤胃消失率。结果表明：胡麻饼CP、CF、粗脂肪(EE)、粗灰分(CA)、Ca 和P 分别为36.2%、8.98%、7.82%、7.02%、0.47%、0.81%。在陕北白绒山羊瘤胃内6、12、24、48 h 内,干物质消失率分别为55.11%、78.75%、78.77%、85.75%,CP 消失率分别为52.82%、61.94%、72.4%、75.32%,CF 消失率分别为23.9%、25.1%、26.2%、28.6%。因此认为,胡麻饼CP和EE含量较高,DM和CP消失率在24 h 内可达78.77%和72.4%,消化利用效果较好。     

Feeding of yeast (Candida spp.) improves in vitro ruminal fermentation of fibrous substrates

In vitro gas production technique (IVGPT) was used with the objective of determining the inclusion effect of live cells of two strains of Candida yeast on in vitro ruminal fermentation of two fibrous substrates. In order to achieve this, two experiments were performed: A) using oat straw (Avena sativa) as substrate; B) using alfalfa hay (Medicabo sativa) as substrate, comparing the effect of two different strains of Candida genre, both isolated from the rumen, on the mentioned substrates. Levica 25 (Candida tropicalis) yeast belongs to the culture collection of the Institute of Animal Science, Cuba, and Levazoot 15 (Candida norvegensis) yeast is part of the collection of the Faculty of Zootechnology and Ecology of the Autonomous University of Chihuahua, Mexico. Both strains demonstrated their potential in activating the ruminal fermentation. They stimulated (P<0.0001) the ruminal fermentation of the substrates under study. However, the Levazoot strain stimulated the dry matter (DM) fermentation of alfalfa in 21.43%, more than Levica 25. It is concluded that there is an influence of yeast strain and diet on the rumen environment and, therefore, it is important to select the appropriate strain in every production condition.     

Role of live microbial feed supplements with reference to anaerobic fungi in ruminant productivity: A review

To keep the concept of a safe food supply to the consumers, animal feed industries world over are showing an increasing interest in the direct-fed microbials(DFM) for improved animal performance in terms of growth or productivity. This becomes all the more essential in a situation, where a number of the residues of antibiotics and/or other growth stimulants reach in milk and meat with a number of associated potential risks for the consumers. Hence, in the absence of growth stimulants, a positive manipulation of the rumen microbial ecosystem to enhance the feedstuff utilization for improved production efficiency by ruminants has become of much interest to the researchers and entrepreneurs. A few genera of live microbes(i.e., bacteria, fungi and yeasts in different types of formulations from paste to powder) are infrequently used as DFM for the domestic ruminants. These DFM products are live microbial feed supplements containing naturally occurring microbes in the rumen. Among different DFM possibilities, anaerobic rumen fungi(ARF) based additives have been found to improve ruminant productivity consistently during feeding trials. Administration of ARF during the few trials conducted, led to the increased weight gain, milk production, and total tract digestibility of feed components in ruminants. Anaerobic fungi in the rumen display very strong cell-wall degrading cellulolytic and xylanolytic activities through rhizoid development, resulting in the physical disruption of feed structure paving the way for bacterial action. Significant improvements in the fiber digestibility were found to coincide with increases in ARF in the rumen indicating their role. Most of the researches based on DFM have indicated a positive response in nutrient digestion and methane reducing potential during in vivo and/or in vitro supplementation of ARF as DFM. Therefore, DFM especially ARF will gain popularity but it is necessary that all the strains are thoroughly studied for their beneficial properties to have a confirmed ‘generally regarded as safe' status for ruminants.     

山西不同居群白羊草的营养成分及瘤胃降解规律

为研究山西不同居群白羊草抽穗期的营养成分含量及干物质(DM)和粗蛋白质(CP)在绵羊瘤胃中的降解规律,以安装永久性瘘管的杜泊与本地羊杂交一代肉用绵公羊15只为试验动物,采用尼龙袋法对不同居群白羊草抽穗期的DM和CP的降解率及降解参数进行测定。结果表明,居群对白羊草的常规营养成分含量有较大的影响。其中,太谷居群具有最高的粗蛋白质(CP)含量和最低的中性洗涤纤维(NDF)和酸性洗涤纤维(ADF)含量,其次是原平和沁源居群。不同居群白羊草的DM和CP的降解特性不同,其中,太谷和原平居群72 h的DM降解率最高,显著高于襄汾居群(P<0.05),太谷居群的DM有效降解率最高,达到46.39%,其次是原平和沁源居群;太谷和原平居群72 h同样有最高的CP降解率,显著高于降解率最低的芮城居群(P<0.05)。太谷居群的CP有效降解率最高,其次是方山和阳高居群,三者差异不显著(P>0.05)。由此可见,太谷居群DM和CP降解率最高,优于其他居群。     

日粮精粗比对活体外瘤胃发酵和烟酸、烟酰胺合成的影响

本试验旨在研究日粮精粗比对活体外瘤胃发酵和烟酸、烟酰胺合成的影响。以4头装有永久性瘤胃瘘管的成年荷斯坦阉公牛作为瘤胃液供体,选用淀粉、微晶纤维素、酪蛋白3种成分配制成相同粗蛋白质水平(13.5%,DM)和不同精粗比(30:70、50:50、70:30,DM)的3种纯合日粮作为发酵底物。应用人工瘤胃体外产气量法进行培养发酵并测定产气量、挥发酸及发酵液中烟酸、烟酰胺含量的变化。结果表明,提高日粮精粗比可极显著降低发酵液pH、乙酸/丙酸摩尔比、乙酸摩尔比(L,P<0.01),显著降低氨态氮浓度(L,P<0.05),但却极显著增加72 h产气量、总挥发酸浓度、丙酸和丁酸摩尔比(L,P<0.01)。随日粮精粗比的提高,瘤胃发酵液中总烟酸(烟酸+烟酰胺)、烟酰胺浓度在24和48 h均呈线性增加(L,0.050.10)。由此得出,日粮精粗比可改变活体外瘤胃发酵模式和影响瘤胃微生物合成总烟酸和烟酰胺,且随日粮精粗比的上升,瘤胃合成总烟酸、烟酰胺的数量呈线性增加趋势。     

不同精粗比条件下添加支链氨基酸对绵羊瘤胃微生物体外发酵的影响

本试验旨在利用体外发酵培养技术和正交试验设计研究在不同精粗比（20：80、40：60和60：40）条件下添加支链氨基酸（缬氨酸、亮氨酸和异亮氨酸）不同组合对瘤胃微生物体外发酵的影响,并对支链氨基酸间的组合效应进行分析以筛选在不同精粗比底物条件下支链氨基酸的最佳组合。结果表明,无论发酵底物精粗比如何,添加支链氨基酸对体外发酵pH、NDF降解率（NDFD）和乙酸/丙酸均无显著影响（P>0.05）,而DM降解率（DMD）在各组合间存在差异。当发酵底物精粗比为20：80时,3种氨基酸对氨态氮（NH₃-N）、挥发性脂肪酸（VFA）、总挥发性脂肪酸（TVFA）的影响均具有组合效应（P<0.05）;其中异丁酸和戊酸水平随缬氨酸添加水平的增加而升高（P<0.01）;异戊酸水平则受亮氨酸和异亮氨酸添加水平的影响（P<0.05）。当发酵底物精粗比为40：60时,异丁酸水平随着缬氨酸添加水平增加而升高（P<0.01）;异戊酸浓度受3种支链氨基酸的影响（P<0.05）。当精粗比为60：40时,添加支链氨基酸主要影响异丁酸、异戊酸和戊酸的水平;其中异丁酸主要受缬氨酸的影响（P<0.01）,异戊酸受亮氨酸和异亮氨酸的影响（P<0.01）,戊酸受缬氨酸和异亮氨酸的影响（P<0.05）。从异丁酸、戊酸和异戊酸来看,添加3种氨基酸均表现出明显的组合效应（P<0.05）。综上所述,以DMD为指标,当发酵底物精粗比为20：80时,缬氨酸、亮氨酸、异亮氨酸的最佳添加水平为0.67、2.00、1.33 mmol/L;当底物精粗比为40：60和60：40时,无需额外添加3种支链氨基酸。     

青蒿素对山羊瘤胃发酵和微生物氮素微循环的影响

【目的】青蒿素是天然青蒿属植物的提取物,它很早就在中国传统中药中被用作抗疟疾、抗肿瘤和驱虫等药物。为探讨青蒿素对反刍动物瘤胃发酵、瘤胃内环境及其瘤胃微生物蛋白质循环的影响,确定青蒿素的对瘤胃发酵调控的效果和适宜添加量,为青蒿素作为一种新的瘤胃调控剂在反刍动物生产中应用提供依据。【方法】采用4只带有瘤胃瘘管的徐淮白山羊为试验动物,饲喂以玉米、豆粕和羊草为主组成的基础日粮,在基础日粮中分别添加占日粮干物质0,0.2%,0.4%和0.6%的青蒿素,进行4×4拉丁方设计试验,研究对山羊瘤胃发酵参数、瘤胃微生物种群变化;采用DTAF荧光染料标记细菌（FLB）的一种新方法测定瘤胃原虫吞噬细菌速率和吞噬量的影响。【结果】山羊瘤胃液中pH值平均值的范围在6.85-7.16,在瘤胃的正常范围内;青蒿素能够降低NH₃-N浓度,其中0.4%和0.6%两个处理组的瘤胃液中NH₃-N浓度与对照组差异显著。青蒿素能够提高乙酸、丙酸及、总挥发性脂肪酸（TVFA）的摩尔浓度及丙酸的摩尔浓度百分比,能降低乙酸/丙酸比,各添加组的乙酸/丙酸比显著或极显著低于对照组(P＜0.05);随着青蒿素添加量的增加,细菌蛋白产量增加,其中,以0.6%添加组最高,与对照组差异极显著(P＜0.01);0.4%和0.6%添加组的原虫蛋白产量极显著低于对照组(P＜0.01);青蒿素对瘤胃液肽浓度的均值没有显著影响。同时,添加青蒿素后,瘤胃中细菌总数增加而原虫总数减少,使瘤胃原虫种属结构变化。添加青蒿素能显著影响原虫对细菌的吞噬速率,对照组和添加0.2%,0.4%和0.6%青蒿素处理组的吞噬速率分别为：320.11cells/（cell h）、313.94cells/（cell h）、305.00cells/（cell h）、278.14cells/（cell h）。【结论】添加青蒿素能显著影响瘤胃发酵类型,具有降低瘤胃中氨态氮浓度的趋势;同时可显著降低瘤胃中原虫密度,增加了细菌密度,改变瘤胃中原虫的种属构成比例;使瘤胃内毛虫比例显著降低,使双毛虫和等毛虫比例显著提高。添加0.6%青蒿素能显著降低山羊瘤胃内菌体蛋白的微循环,使山羊瘤胃原虫吞噬速率和微生物氮循环量减少而提高饲料蛋白质的潜在利用效率。