3种瘤胃疾病对肉牛瘤胃内环境的影响

为探讨肉牛瘤胃疾病对瘤胃内环境的影响,采集患病肉牛瘤胃液进行pH、纤毛虫数量和活力的测定,并镜检瘤胃切片.结果表明,肉牛患瘤胃疾病时,一般引起瘤胃液pH降低,酸中毒时,均值为5.03,纤毛虫活力明显减弱,数量显著下降,最低纤毛虫数量为0.病理切片结果显示,主要的病变为瘤胃出血、充血,炎性细胞浸润和固有膜损伤.可见,肉牛瘤胃疾病能极大地影响瘤胃内环境,进而影响牛的健康.     

Effect of a rumen-protected conjugated linoleic acid mixture on hepatic lipid metabolism in heifers

This study was performed to assess the effects of rumen-protected conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) on hepatic lipid metabolism in heifers. In particular, it was of interest whether feeding CLA causes development of fatty liver as observed recently in mice. Thirty-six growing heifers with an initial body weight of 185 kg were allotted to three treatment groups and fed daily 250 g of different rumen-protected fats for 16 weeks: The control group received 250 g of a CLA-free control fat, the CLA100 group received 100 g of a CLA fat containing 2.4% of cis-9, trans-11 CLA and 2.1% of trans-10, cis-12 CLA and 150 g control fat and the CLA250 group received 250 g of the CLA fat. CLA supplementation had no effect on animal performance parameters, liver weight and hepatic triglyceride concentration. Moreover, mRNA expression of hepatic genes involved in lipogenesis, β-oxidation and fatty acid transport was not influenced by dietary CLA. The fatty acid composition of hepatic total lipids, with particular consideration of ratios of fatty acids indicative of Δ9-, Δ6- and Δ5-desaturation, was also less influenced by dietary CLA. In conclusion, the study shows that dietary rumen-protected CLA has less effect on hepatic lipid metabolism in young heifers and does not induce the development of a fatty liver such as in mice.     

Effect of several supplemental Chinese herbs additives on rumen fermentation, antioxidant function and nutrient digestibility in sheep

Two experiments were carried out in this study. Experiment 1 was conducted to examine the effects of several supplemental Chinese herbs on antioxidant function and slaughtered body weight in sheep. Results indicated that Fructus Ligustri Lucidi supplementation improved the blood antioxidant function [higher concentration of glutathione reductase (GR), superoxide dismutase and lower concentration of malondialdehyde] and slaughtered body weight in sheep (p < 0.05). Experiment 2 was conducted to investigate the effect of Fructus Ligustri Lucidi extract (FLLE) on rumen fermentation and nutrient digestibility in sheep. Four levels of FLLE treatments, i.e. 0, 100, 300 and 500 mg/kg dry matter (DM), were used in this part. Addition of FLLE at 300 or 500 mg/kg DM increased total volatile fatty acid (VFA) concentration and propionate proportion, decreased ammonia-N concentration in the ruminal fluid, reduced blood urea nitrogen concentration at 2, 4, 6 and 8 h after morning feeding (p < 0.05). Addition of FLLE at all dosages had no effect on ruminal pH value and acetate concentration at all sampling time points in sheep (p > 0.05). Dynamic degradation coefficient c of maize DM was significantly increased by supplementing FLLE at 300 or 500 mg/kg DM (p < 0.05). Fructus Ligustri Lucidi extract addition had no effect on degradation coefficients a, b, c of DM and nitrogen of soybean meal; a, b of maize DM; a, b, c of maize nitrogen; and a, b, c of neutral detergent fibre (NDF) and acid detergent fibre (ADF) of Chinese wildrye (p > 0.05). Addition of FLLE at 300 or 500 mg/kg DM increased DM and organic matter digestibility of diet (p < 0.05). Fructus Ligustri Lucidi extract addition had no effect on digestibility of diet's NDF, ADF and crude protein (p > 0.05). From the aforementioned results, it is indicated that FLLE improved antioxidant status and slaughtered body weight. Fructus Ligustri Lucidi extract addition has capability to modulate rumen fermentation, increase the maize degradation rate, total volatile fatty acid concentration and propionate proportion in sheep.     

利用体外产气法研究不同瘤胃降解蛋白平衡对瘤胃代谢的影响

旨在探讨利用体外产气法研究不同瘤胃降解蛋白平衡日粮(RDPB,g·kg-1 DM)对瘤胃发酵、总产气量和甲烷产量的影响.试验选用美国Ankom产气系统,采用随机区组试验设计,配置6种不同瘤胃降解蛋白平衡日粮,分别为日粮1(-20 g· kg-1 DM),日粮2(-10 g· kg-1 DM),日粮3(0 g· kg-1 DM),日粮4(10g·kg-1DM),日粮5(20 g·kg-1 DM)和日粮6(30 g· kg-1 DM),每组2个重复,培养期为24 h.结果表明:(1)本研究中6种类型日粮发酵液的pH、乙酸/丙酸、产气量和CH4产生量表现为日粮3(P＜0.01)或日粮4(P＜0.01)值最低.(2)挥发性脂防酸乙酸、丙酸、丁酸以及氨氮的浓度随着瘤冒降解平衡值的增加而增加,表明改变日粮瘤胃降解蛋白平衡可以影响瘤胃发酵.而瘤胃降解蛋白平衡对总挥发性脂肪酸以及原虫数量无显著影响.(3)日粮瘤胃降解蛋白平衡值影响不同时间点甲烷的浓度和24 h甲烷产量.其中以日稂4(P＜0.05)甲烷总产量最低.由此可见,在体外培养条件下,改变日粮RDPB影响了瘤胃发酵液pH、氨态氮(NH3-N)及挥发性脂肪酸(VFA)浓度、总产气量、CH4产生量,综合考虑其对瘤胃发酵和甲烷产量等指标的影响,体外产气条件下适宜的RDPB水平为0～10g·kg-1 DM.     

奶牛瘤胃亚急性酸中毒的产生原因和营养学控制方法

瘤胃亚急性酸中毒是目前困扰奶牛生产的一大难题。高精、低粗的饲粮结构会引起瘤胃微生物区系结构改变,挥发性脂肪酸浓度升高,瘤胃液 ｐＨ下降,从而引起瘤胃亚急性酸中毒。奶牛发生瘤胃亚急性酸中毒时瘤胃液细菌内毒素浓度升高。高浓度的内毒素转运至血液引发急性期反应,血浆中矿物质和代谢物水平发生改变,从而使奶牛生产性能下降。本文对高精饲粮下瘤胃中内毒素的产生和转运以及内毒素引发的急性期反应进行综述,同时,根据近年来的研究进展重点介绍一些减少内毒素产生和转运的新方法,旨在为更好地控制或减少瘤胃亚急性酸中毒时内毒素对奶牛的危害提供参考。     

功能性寡糖对锦江黄牛瘤胃发酵及微生物生长效率的影响

本试验旨在研究不同水平的功能性寡糖对锦江黄牛瘤胃发酵及微生物生长效率的影响。采用体外批次培养法,在精粗比为 ２０∶８０的基础饲粮中添加甘露寡糖、果寡糖和大豆寡糖,各组功能性寡糖的添加水平分别为 ０（对照组）、０．８０％、１．００％和 １．２０％。结果表明,饲粮添加功能性寡糖对锦江黄牛瘤胃 ｐＨ无显著影响（Ｐ＞０．０５）,但显著增加培养液挥发性脂肪酸和菌体蛋白浓度（Ｐ＜０．０５）;每日微生物氮产量也有提高的趋势,但差异不显著（Ｐ＞０．０５）。建立微生物生长效率与功能性寡糖添加水平之间的二次曲线模型,当甘露寡糖添加水平为 １．１７％时,微生物生长效率最大,为 ５９．７２ｇ／ｋｇ;当大豆寡糖添加水平为 １．０３％时,微生物生长效率最大,为 ５９．５０ｇ／ｋｇ。综合本试验结果,功能性寡糖的添加水平在 １．００％ ～１．２０％之间更有利于锦江黄牛瘤胃微生物的生长。     

通过强化产乙酸菌途径实现瘤胃甲烷减排

产乙酸菌是一类形态、营养和生理特征极其多样化的厌氧微生物。以二氧化碳为终端电子受体的氢依赖性乙酸生成过程与甲烷生成过程相比,热力学上处于劣势。产乙酸菌的代谢多样性使其广泛存在于自然界和动物肠道内。白蚁、鸵鸟和袋鼠等物种胃肠道内的产乙酸菌利用氢生成的乙酸可以满足动物自身 ７％ ～３３％的能量需要。瘤胃内也有产乙酸菌定植,是否可以通过强化瘤胃内产乙酸菌的代谢途径,减少反刍动物甲烷排放。为了回答这一问题,本文就瘤胃中产乙酸菌的菌群结构、产乙酸菌与产甲烷菌的竞争关系、产乙酸菌的利用战略进行了探讨。     

日粮中添加果寡糖对水牛瘤胃液体外发酵功能的影响

本试验采用人工瘤胃体外产气法研究体外条件下日粮中添加果寡糖(FOS)制剂对水牛瘤胃发酵功能的影响。结果显示:与对照组比较,0.4%、0.8%、1.2%、1.6%和2.0%FOS组日粮可消化有机物分别提高0.84%、2.05%、2.06%、2.11%和1.34%,且差异均显著(P<0.05);代谢能分别提高1.45%、3.63%、3.63%、3.63%和2.32%,且差异均显著(P<0.05);培养液中微生物蛋白分别提高42.65%(P<0.05)、37.75%(P<0.05)、53.92%(P<0.05)、52.94%(P<0.05)和13.24%(P>0.05);挥发性脂肪酸分别提高20.9%、14.82%、18.97%、16.4%和14.58%,且差异均显著(P<0.05)。日粮添加FOS可以显著降低培养液中氨态氮含量(P<0.05),但对pH值无显著性影响(P>0.05)。综上所述,日粮中添加FOS可改善瘤胃发酵功能,且以1.6%的添加量效果最优。     

柠条锦鸡儿营养成分动态变化及其在绵羊瘤胃内的降解

本试验旨在研究内蒙古呼和浩特地区不同生育期柠条锦鸡儿营养成分的动态变化及其在绵羊瘤胃内的降解特性。分别于孕蕾期、开花期和结实期采集当年生柠条锦鸡儿嫩枝条,测定初水分后在65℃烘箱中烘干,测定常规营养物质含量;选用安装有永久性瘤胃瘘管的内蒙古小尾寒羊3只,采用瘤胃尼龙袋法评定不同生育期柠条锦鸡儿营养成分的瘤胃降解特性。试验结果表明:1)开花期和结实期柠条锦鸡儿的干物质(DM)和粗蛋白质(CP)含量显著高于孕蕾期(P<0.05);不同生育期柠条锦鸡儿有机物(OM)、粗脂肪和无氮浸出物含量无显著差异(P>0.05);结实期粗灰分含量显著高于孕蕾期和开花期(P<0.05);孕蕾期和开花期柠条锦鸡儿中性洗涤纤维(NDF)含量显著高于结实期(P<0.05),而酸性洗涤纤维(ADF)含量显著低于结实期(P<0.05);随着生育期的延续,柠条锦鸡儿木质素含量逐渐升高,开花和结实期显著高于孕蕾期(P<0.05);随着生育期的延续,柠条锦鸡儿钙含量显著提高(P<0.05),磷含量显著降低(P<0.05)。2)随着生育期的延续,柠条锦鸡儿DM的72 h消失率和有效降解率逐渐降低,开花期和结实期DM的有效降解率无显著差异(P>0.05);不同生育期柠条锦鸡儿CP的72 h消失率无显著差异(P>0.05),但有效降解率孕蕾期显著高于开花期和结实期(P<0.05);随着生育期的延续,柠条锦鸡儿OM和NDF的72 h消失率和有效降解率均显著降低(P<0.05);开花期和结实期柠条锦鸡儿ADF的72 h消失率和有效降解率无显著差异(P>0.05),但显著低于孕蕾期(P<0.05)。试验结果提示,结合不同生育期柠条锦鸡儿营养物质含量、饲草DM产量以及营养物质的瘤胃降解特性,开花期柠条锦鸡儿营养物质的利用效率最高,为最佳刈割时期。     

饲粮添加海南霉素和莫能菌素对奶牛瘤胃发酵特性和氮平衡的影响

本研究旨在探究饲粮添加海南霉素和莫能菌素对奶牛瘤胃发酵特性和氮平衡的影响.选用3头体重为(460.0±20.6)kg、装有永久性瘤胃瘘管的成年荷斯坦奶牛,采用3×3拉丁方试验设计,对照组饲喂基础饲粮,试验组分别饲喂在基础饲粮添加20 mg/d海南霉素和350 mg/d莫能菌素的试验饲粮.结果表明:饲粮添加海南霉素和莫能菌素没有显著影响瘤胃液pH和丁酸含量(P＞0.05),但显著降低了瘤胃液总挥发性脂肪酸浓度、乙酸含量、乙酸/丙酸和氨态氮浓度(P＜0.05).与对照组相比,海南霉素组和莫能菌素组丙酸含量分别提高了16.26％和15.79％(P ＜0.01).饲粮添加海南霉素和莫能菌素显著降低了尿囊素排出量、尿嘌呤衍生物排出量和微生物氮产量(P＜0.05).饲粮添加海南霉素和莫能菌素也降低了粪氮量和尿氮量(P＜0.05),提高了沉积氮量(P＜0.01).与对照组相比,海南霉素组和莫能菌素组的表观氮消化率分别提高了5.61％和7.05％(P =0.03).总之,与莫能菌素相似,饲粮添加海南霉素可以改变瘤胃发酵模式,使其更趋向于丙酸型发酵,并且能够提高氮利用效率.