冷季放牧补饲对甘肃高山细毛后备母羊瘤胃代谢参数及瘤胃微生物数量的影响

旨在筛选出甘肃高山细毛羊后备母羊科学合理的补饲料,改变牧区由于营养供给不足导致甘肃高山细毛羊2.5岁才能配种的饲养方式。试验选择甘肃高山细毛羊(12月龄)48只,随机分为试验a(1号料)、b(2号料)、c(3号料)组和对照组(不补饲),进行90 d放牧补饲试验。结果表明,1)瘤胃pH试验a组和b组差异极显著(P<0.01)、c组显著(P<0.05)低于对照组,瘤胃氨态氮、蛋白氮、总氮浓度试验组均极显著高于对照组(P<0.01),总挥发性脂肪酸(VFA)试验a组和b组均极显著高于对照组(P<0.01),b组显著高于c组(P<0.05);乙酸和丙酸摩尔比a组极显著高于对照组(P<0.01),b和c组显著高于对照组(P<0.05);丁酸摩尔比a组极显著高于c组(P<0.01);乙/丙b组显著低于对照组(P<0.05)。2)瘤胃纤维降解菌和原虫数目试验组均极显著(P<0.01)或显著(P<0.05)高于对照组。综上所述,补饲均能正向影响甘肃高山细毛羊后备母羊瘤胃代谢参数及瘤胃微生物数量,以1号料补饲效果最优,2号料也能起到理想效果。     

Feeding fodder beet (Beta vulgaris L.) with either barley straw or pasture silage to non-lactating dairy cows

AIMS: To determine the suitability of diets containing either approximately 85% fodder beet (Beta vulgaris L.) with barley straw or 65% fodder beet with pasture silage when fed to non-lactating dairy cows, by measuring intakes, digestibility, rumen function including microbial growth, and N excretion.

METHODS: Holstein-Friesian cows fitted with permanent rumen fistulae were fed either 65% fodder beet with pasture silage (Silage; n=8) or 85% fodder beet with barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) straw (Straw; n=8) in an indoor facility over a 9-day period, for measurement of intakes, digestibility, rumen function and urine production. The cows were adapted to the diets over 2 weeks before the indoor measurements. Feed was available for about 6 hours/day, as practiced commercially for wintering non-lactating cows.

RESULTS: Five cows fed the Straw diet had to be removed from the trial because of acute acidosis; four on Day 1 of the measurement period and one on Day 7. One cow allocated to the Silage diet refused to eat fodder beet bulbs and was also removed from the trial. Two cows fed the Silage diet were also treated for acidosis. DM intakes were lower with the Straw than Silage diets (6.4 (SE 0.4) vs. 8.3 (SE 0.5) kg/day) and organic matter (OM) digestibility was lower with the Straw than Silage diets (77 (SE 1) vs. 83 (SE 1) g/100g). The N content of the two diets was 1.14 and 1.75?g/100?g DM and there was a net loss of N by cows fed the Straw diet (?22.7 (SE 7) g/day). Rumen microbial N production was much lower in cows fed the Straw than the Silage diet (6.6 (SE 1.3) vs. 15.8 (SE 0.7) g microbial N/kg digestible OM intake). Concentrations of ammonia in rumen liquid collected on Days 5–6 were below detection limits (<0.1?mmol/L) in 36/48 (75%) samples collected from cows fed the Straw diet and in 27/48 (56%) cows fed the Silage diet. Mean urinary N excretion was lower in cows fed the Straw than the Silage diet (52.0 (SE 5.8) vs. 87.7 (SE 5.9) g/day).

CONCLUSION AND CLINICAL RELEVENCE: An over-wintering diet for dry cows comprising about 65% fodder beet with 35% pasture silage provided adequate nutrition, although there was some risk of acidosis. In contrast, the diet containing about 85% fodder beet with barley straw resulted in lower DM intakes, poor rumen function, negative N balance so that both nutrition and welfare were compromised.     

Amino acid profiles of rumen undegradable protein: a comparison between forages including cereal straws and alfalfa and their respective total mixed rations

Optimizing the amino acid (AA) profile of rumen undegradable protein (RUP) can positively affect the amount of milk protein. This study was conducted to improve knowledge regarding the AA profile of rumen undegradable protein from corn stover, rice straw and alfalfa hay as well as the total mixed ratio diets (TMR) based on one of them as forage source [forage‐to‐concentrate ratio of 45:55 (30% of corn stover (CS), 30% of rice straw (RS), 23% of alfalfa hay (AH) and dry matter basis)]. The other ingredients in the three TMR diets were similar. The RUP of all the forages and diets was estimated by incubation for 16 hr in the rumen of three ruminally cannulated lactating cows. All residues were corrected for microbial colonization, which was necessary in determining the AA composition of RUP from feed samples using in situ method. Compared with their original AA composition, the AA pattern of forages and forage‐based diets changed drastically after rumen exposure. In addition, the extent of ruminal degradation of analysed AA was not constant among the forages. The greatest individual AA degradability of alfalfa hay and corn stover was Pro, but was His of rice straw. A remarkable difference was observed between microbial attachment corrected and uncorrected AA profiles of RUP, except for alfalfa hay and His in the three forages and TMR diets. The ruminal AA degradability of cereal straws was altered compared with alfalfa hay but not for the TMR diets. In summary, the AA composition of forages and TMR‐based diets changed significantly after ruminal exposure, indicating that the original AA profiles of the feed cannot represent its AA composition of RUP. The AA profile of RUP and ruminal AA degradability for corn stover and rice straw contributed to missing information in the field.     

饲粮添加酿酒酵母和地衣芽孢杆菌对绵羊生长性能与瘤胃发酵的影响

【目的】研究饲粮中添加酿酒酵母和地衣芽孢杆菌对绵羊生长性能和瘤胃发酵的影响,为酿酒酵母和地衣芽孢杆菌在肉羊饲粮中的合理应用提供理论依据。【方法】试验选用48只4月龄、体重相近(22.96±2.00)kg、健康的杜泊×小尾寒羊杂交F₁代公羔,根据饲喂添加剂不同随机分为4组:D(对照组,两种菌均不添加);D1(酿酒酵母,6×10¹⁰ CFU/kg);D2(地衣芽孢杆菌,2×10¹⁰ CFU/kg);D3(酿酒酵母6×10¹⁰ CFU/kg+地衣芽孢杆菌2×10¹⁰ CFU/kg),每组12只羊,试验期共75 d,前15 d为适应期,正饲期60d。试验羊每天分别于08:00和18:00进行饲喂,自由采食和饮水。正饲期内每天准确称量记录每只试验羊的喂料量和剩料量,并在第1、30、60天晨饲前对试验羊进行称重,计算平均日采食量、平均日增重(ADG)及料重比(F/G)。试验结束当天08:00正常饲喂试验羊,3 h后采集瘤胃液,测定发酵参数、消化酶活性以及功能微生物。【结果】1)饲粮中添加酿...     

不同饲料效率与绵羊瘤胃组织形态学关系

【目的】利用单栏系统测定个体的饲料效率相关性状与瘤胃组织形态学指标,探讨绵羊饲料效率与瘤胃组织形态的关系,为解析绵羊饲料效率性状的影响因素研究提供基础数据。【方法】随机选取出生日龄相近、系谱信息详细、健康状况良好的187湖羊公羔,56 d断奶后转入单栏饲养,过渡期14 d,预饲期10 d,正试期100 d。正试期内所有羊只仅饲喂颗粒饲料,自由采食及饮水,并在80 d和180 d晨饲前空腹测定其体重(body weight,BW)和80—180 d间的采食量(feed intake,FI),计算平均日增重(average daily gain,ADG)、中期代谢体重(metabolic body weight, MBW)、饲料转化率(feed conversion rate,FCR)和剩余采食量(residual feed intake,RFI)等饲料效率相关性状并对其进行描述性统计,于180 d饲养结束后屠宰采集瘤胃腹囊组织1 cm2保存于4%甲醛溶液中,用于制作组织切片并观测其瘤胃乳头长度、宽度和肌层厚度。最后将其与饲料效率相关性状进行相关分析和方差分析。【结果】饲料效率相关性状的变...     

稻草补饲苜蓿对山羊瘤胃发酵的组合效应

将9只体况良好、体质量相近(41.3±1.2) kg、安装有永久性瘤胃瘘管的成都麻羊半同胞羯羊, 随机分成3组, 饲以稻草基础日粮, 分别补饲苜蓿(Medicago sativa, MSL)25%(MSL25)、50%(MSL50)与75%(MSL75), 进行瘤胃内环境的测定及发酵指标的组合效应研究。结果显示, 3组不同苜蓿补饲水平混合粗饲料的瘤胃液相pH在6.53～6.93, NH3-N浓度在9.42～43.27 mg·dL-1, 总挥发性脂肪酸浓度在69.45～107.28 mmol·L-1, 菌体蛋白浓度在73.56～132.23 mg·dL-1, NH3-N浓度、总挥发性脂肪酸浓度与菌体蛋白浓度均随苜蓿补饲水平的增加呈非线性增加。以MSL25作参照的瘤胃发酵指标的多项指标组合效应指数(MFAEI), MSL75的为1.21, 仅为MSL50组1.03的1.17倍。表明当山羊稻草基础日粮苜蓿补饲水平超过50%时, 提高稻草纤维物质利用率的组合效应增加不明显。     

女贞子提取物对绵羊瘤胃日粮养分48 h降解率的影响

选用安装瘤胃瘘管的绵羊4只,分别饲喂含0、100、300和500mg.kg-1女贞子提取物的饲粮,通过4×4拉丁方实验设计,系统研究了饲喂女贞子提取物对DM、CP、ADF和NDF降解率的影响。结果表明,培养48h后,饲喂女贞子提取物提高了NDF、ADF降解率(P>0.05);对DM、CP降解率未产生影响。     

物候期对放牧牦牛瘤胃液、牧草中脂肪酸及乳脂中共轭亚油酸组成的影响及其相关性分析

为研究牧草物候期对其脂肪酸组成和放牧牦牛乳中共轭亚油酸(CLA)含量的影响及其相关关系,本研究在甘肃省甘南牧区选取平均体重为(234.9±10.5)kg的10头带犊甘南牦牛作为研究对象(自然放牧),分别于牧草返青期、盛草期、枯草期采集试验牦牛采食牧草、乳和瘤胃液,分别测定瘤胃液、牧草中脂肪酸及乳脂中共轭亚油酸组成,并分...     

不同纤维水平日粮对绵羊瘤胃内环境的影响

试验选用体况良好、体重50kg左右的苏尼特绵羊9只,随机分为3组,每组3只,Ⅰ组、Ⅱ组、Ⅲ组日粮NDF含量分别为64.38%、54.59%、42.71%。研究日粮纤维水平的变化对绵羊瘤胃内环境的影响,试验结果表明:随纤维水平的增加瘤胃pH显著增加(p(0.01);氨氮、和总挥发性脂肪酸浓度与之相反,Ⅲ组显著高于Ⅰ组和Ⅱ组(p(0.01);乙酸摩尔浓度百分比随纤维水平降低而显著降低(p(0.05),丙酸和丁酸摩尔浓度显著升高(p(0.05);高纤维日粮组的乙酸:丙酸比例显著高于其它两日粮组(p(0.01),日粮纤维水平的变化,改变了瘤胃发酵的模式。     

热应激对奶山羊生产性能及瘤胃上皮细胞形态结构的影响

【目的】研究热应激对奶山羊生产性能及瘤胃上皮细胞形态结构的影响,为动物在炎热环境中能够维持正常生理机能以及探索促进动物抗热应激的方法提供理论基础和试验依据。【方法】本项目以泌乳中后期奶山羊为动物模型,采用逐渐加热的方式使奶山羊产生热应激,用温湿指数计算当连续1周早、中、晚THI＞72时,动物模型建立;采用动物营养学方法,研究热应激对瘤胃内发酵指标、营养物质消化率、生产性能、瘤胃上皮细胞形态结构和超微结构的影响。【结果】①试验期间试验羊THI主要在72和87之间,处于轻度和高度热应激;②热应激极显著地提高了奶山羊直肠温度和呼吸频率（P＜0.01）,显著地降低了DM、CP、OM、NDF和ADF消化率（P＜0.01）,干物质采食量和奶产量（P＜0.01）,以及乳中乳蛋白和乳脂含量（P＜0.05）,但对乳糖含量影响不显著（P＞0.05）;③热应激显著降低了一天中各时间点的pH（P＜0.05）、NH3-N浓度（P＜0.05）、TVFA浓度（P＜0.05）;④与对照组相比,在热应激30 d时,发现瘤胃液呈稀粥状,酸臭味较浓,且奶山羊瘤胃黏膜乳头呈现大面积的坏死、脱落;当在热应激45 d时,黏膜乳头坏死、脱落情况更为严重;⑤在热应激30和45 d时,瘤胃背囊和腹囊绒毛长度和宽度分别要短于对照组（P ＜0.05）,且随着热应激时间的延长,瘤胃背囊和腹囊的绒毛长度和宽度缩短的也越短（P＜0.05）。【结论】①热应激通过显著提高奶山羊的直肠温度和呼吸频率,显著降低日粮各营养物质消化率、瘤胃液发酵参数等,进而显著降低日粮干物质采食量、乳品质及其生产性能;②热应激通过破坏瘤胃上皮组织结构,致使瘤胃黏膜绒毛大面积萎缩、脱落、甚至坏死,进而导致瘤胃黏膜屏障通透性增加。