1.2%鱼藤酮微乳剂的研制

报道1.2%鱼藤酮微乳剂(M E)的制备方法。以二甲苯与乙酸乙酯(2∶3,v/v)为溶剂,CRES-LOX 3433为乳化剂,自来水为介质配制出的鱼藤酮M E,经热贮稳定性测定,各项质量指标合格;对黄曲条跳甲P hy llotreta striola ta(F abric ius)的毒力,1.2%鱼藤酮M E的LC50为503.25 m g/kg,7.5%鱼藤酮乳油(EC)的LC50值为640.22 m g/kg,M E的毒力是EC的1.27倍。     

两类光保护剂对鱼藤酮的光保护效果

分别向鱼藤酮中加入紫外线吸收剂BP12、BP3、UV-P和抗氧化剂焦性没食子酸,置于30W的紫外灯下照射,7d后,高效液相色谱(HPLC)检测鱼藤酮的含量。结果表明两类光保护剂均有保护效果。其中抗氧化剂焦性没食子酸光保护作用最强,且降解率与抗氧化剂的用量成反比。加0.2g·L-1焦性没食子酸的鱼藤酮降解率仅为7.62％,而含0.05g·L-1焦性没食子酸的鱼藤酮降解率为18.59％;含紫外线吸收剂0.05g·L-1 UV-P、BP12、BP3的鱼藤酮降解率分别为24.52％、45.86％、85.56％;没加光保护剂的鱼藤酮几乎完全降解。说明焦性没食子酸和UV-P是鱼藤酮良好的光保护剂,能显著提高鱼藤酮的抗紫外线的能力。     

Impact of human‐induced environmental changes on genetic structure and variability in Atlantic salmon,Salmo salar

The genetic effects on Atlantic salmon, Salmo salar L., populations from potential bottleneck situations caused by human activities in two Norwegian rivers, Lærdalselva and Batnfjordelva, were studied by analysing DNA from fish scales collected before and after the populations had been exposed to human‐induced changes: river regulation, Gyrodactylus salaris infection and rotenone treatment. Using 15 microsatellites, no significant changes were found in the genetic structure and diversity of four population samples from Lærdalselva collected over 34 years. However, salmon from Lærdalselva were significantly differentiated from nearby (Årøyelva) and more distant (Batnfjordelva and Suldalslågen) populations, testifying to the power of the marker system to detect small genetic differences. Furthermore, two population samples from Batnfjordelva, collected 20 years apart, showed low but significant differentiation. The lack of effects on neutral genetic composition in Lærdalselva, despite several potentially severe bottleneck events, indicates that stocking and sea cohorts maintain the status quo of this population.     

Determination of Rotenone Residues in Foodstuffs by Solid-Phase Extraction （SPE） and Liquid Chromatography/Tandem Mass Spectrometry （LC-MS/ MS）

We developed a novel approach to determine rotenone residues in foodstuffs, by integrating solid-phase extraction （SPE） and liquid chromatography/tandem mass spectrometry （LC-MS/MS） technologies, to achieve high sensitivity and selectivity. In our method, the solvent extraction with n-hexane-dichloromethane （50：50, v/v） and cleanup with florisil SPE cartridges using ethyl acetate-ethyl ether （25：75, v/v） as eluents provided adequate recovery of rotenone. The detection of rotenone was then carried out by LC-MS/MS using acetonitrile-water with the 0.1% formic acid （w/v） as the mobile phase. The multiple reaction monitoring （MRM） scheme employed in the approach involved the transitions of the precursor ion to three selected product ions, in which one pair for quantification was m/z 395.3 〉 213.2 and the other two pairs for identification were m/z 395.3 〉 192.2 and 395.3 〉 367.0. The limits of quantification （LOQs） of the method ranged from 0.001 to 0.005 mg kg-1 depending on the matrix. Intra- and inter-day precisions （relative standard deviations, RSDs） for rotenone were less than 7.1 and 14.8%, respectively. Results from repetitive analysis suggested good reproducibility of the method for rotenone residue detection. The recoveries at three concentrations （LOQ, 10LOQ and 100LOQ） ranged from 79.3-118.3% in cabbage, potato, onion, carrot, apple, orange, banana, lichee, tea, and Shiitake mushroom. The proposed procedure was then applied to the analysis of 129 real samples collected from Xiamen, Fujian Province, China. The existence of rotenone was found in two tea products with concentrations of 0.012 and 0.016 mg kg-1, respectively. The method has great potential for routine analysis of monitoring rotenone residue in foodstuffs.     

鱼藤酮水基纳米悬浮剂的特性及对松材线虫的杀虫作用

为改善鱼藤酮制剂的分散性,提高其悬浮率、稳定性及生物活性,制备了鱼藤酮纳米悬浮剂。该剂型为水基剂型,环境扫描电子显微镜和高效液相色谱检测结果显示,在鱼藤酮的水基纳米悬浮剂中,鱼藤酮悬浮颗粒的平均粒径为127.1 nm±31.8 nm,鱼藤酮的包封率为81.7%±3.5%,该制剂悬浮率高达99.23%±0.49%,抗光照分解的稳定性增强,36 h紫外光照射后鱼藤酮纳米悬浮剂中残存的鱼藤酮浓度比鱼藤酮丙酮溶液提高68.9%。以LC50表示的24 h对松材线虫的毒力鱼藤酮纳米悬浮剂是鱼藤酮丙酮溶液的7.5倍。     

非洲山毛豆中鱼藤酮CO2超临界流体的萃取效果

在不同压力(22 MPa2、4 MPa2、6 MPa2、8 MPa)和不同温度(30℃、45℃、60℃)条件下,用CO2超临界流体对非洲山毛豆进行萃取。结果表明:提取物中鱼藤酮的含量最高是在30℃和24 MPa的条件下为7.41%;每克干粉中提取出来的鱼藤酮质量最高的是在60℃和22 MPa的条件下,为4.49 mg。加入夹带剂后,提取物中鱼藤酮含量和每克干粉中提取出来的鱼藤酮质量最高的均在60℃和22 MPa时,加入10%(V/M)乙酸乙酯作夹带剂,结果分别为7.96%和5.99 mg。     

Antifeedant effect of commercial chemicals and plant extracts against Schistocerca americana (Orthoptera: Acrididae) and Diaprepes abbreviatus (Coleoptera: Curculionidae)

BACKGROUND: The deterrent effect of seven commercial compounds against Schistocerca americana (Drury) nymphs and Diaprepes abbreviatus L. adults, two important citrus pests, was investigated. Extracts of three Florida local plants were also tested as deterrents. Antifeedant activity was assayed using a leaf‐disk bioassay in choice and no‐choice tests. The residual activity of the commercial compounds that significantly deterred the insects was assayed by applying them to foliage of citrus plants exposed to three time intervals of sunlight. RESULTS: Sabadilla, azadirachtin and ryanodine effectively deterred S. americana, whereas rotenone, sabadilla and ryanodine reduced the feeding activity of D. abbreviatus. Methanol and methylene chloride extracts of Ceratiola ericoides Michaux deterred D. abbreviatus, but only methylene chloride extract dissuaded S. americana. Methanol extract of Ardisia crenata Sims functioned as a feeding deterrent against both S. americana and D. abbreviatus, but only the latter species was deterred by methylene chloride extract of A. crenata. Extracts of Illicium parviflorum Michaux ex Ventetat only dissuaded the insects in choice bioassays. Rapid loss of effectiveness was observed under field conditions. Sabadilla was the only compound that maintained its antifeedant properties in the field, but only against S. americana. CONCLUSION: Based on their deterrency, some of the commercial products and plant extracts have potential for use as substitute crop protectants against the pest species tested. Copyright © 2011 Society of Chemical Industry     

Eradicating the invasive topmouth gudgeon, Pseudorasbora parva, from a recreational fishery in northern England

Abstract  An established population of the invasive topmouth gudgeon, Pseudorasbora parva (Temminck & Schlegel), was discovered in a recreational fishery in Northwest England in 2002. As the lake was seasonally connected to a river catchment, providing potential for dispersal, a containment and eradication programme was initiated. Containment involved screening of outfalls and preventing fish movements off site. Eradication involved the fishery being treated twice with a rotenone-based piscicide, in March and April 2005. The mean P. parva density prior to rotenone application was 6.1 m⁻²; following the application, none were recorded. Non-target species in the fishery were removed prior to the application; following rotenone degradation, they were re-introduced and subsequently spawned, with recording of young-of-the-year. This contrasts with 2004 when only young-of-the-year of P. parva were recorded. As the eradication appeared to be successful, the method is considered suitable for use on other populations posing a similar threat of dispersal of the species into rivers and on other invasive fish populations in undesirable locations.     

鱼藤酮对玫瑰无须鲃精子活力的影响

为探讨鱼藤酮对玫瑰无须鲃精子运动的影响,以玫瑰无须鲃精子为材料,采用计算机辅助精子分析系统(CASA),研究了精子在不同浓度的鱼藤酮和对照组(乙腈)溶液中的运动百分数、运动时间、运动速率、运动轨迹等参数。结果表明:随着鱼藤酮浓度的增加,精子的运动百分数、运动时间和运动速率都显著低于对照组;且与对照组相比,精子被激活5 min后,在鱼藤酮溶液中运动速率大于12μm/s的百分数也显著较低。结果提示,鱼藤酮对精子的运动具有抑制作用。     

鱼藤酮多克隆抗体的制备和残留分析方法

为建立鱼藤酮免疫分析方法,以鱼藤酮为原料合成4-{2-[(2R,6as,12as)-1,2,6,6a,12,12a-六羟基-2-异丙烯基-8,9-二甲氧基色烯(3,4-b)喃(2,3-h)色烯-6-亚基]肼基}-4-丁酸(简称鱼藤酮腙琥珀酸半酯,RH-HS)半抗原,通过碳化二亚胺法(EDC)、活酯法(AE)将半抗原与牛血清蛋白(BSA)偶联制备免疫原Ⅰ、Ⅱ.将免疫原分别免疫BALB/c鼠获得相应的抗体Ⅰ和抗体Ⅱ,测定抗体冻干粉效价,分别为4.10×105和8.29×105.并进行抗原抗体的竞争抑制能力、特异性和鱼藤酮的添加回收试验.结果表明:抗体Ⅰ、Ⅱ对鱼藤酮最低检测限(IC20)分别为0.440μg/mL和0.437μg/mL.两抗体对吡蚜酮、克百威的交叉反应率均小于1.1%,抗体Ⅰ对4个与鱼藤酮结构相类似化合物的交叉反应率均高于56%,较抗体Ⅱ高.鱼藤酮的免疫分析技术(EUSA)与HPLC检测手段相比,在检测线性范围和灵敏度方面,两者差异不明显;在样品前处理方面,ELISA显示出快速、简单、有效的优点.