渔山列岛潮间带大型底栖动物的群落结构

于2009年3月的大潮期间对渔山列岛潮间带布设5个断面,进行大型底栖动物调查。结果表明,该海域潮间带采集到大型底栖动物90种,其中腔肠动物3种,多毛类11种,软体动物45种,甲壳类19种,棘皮动物6种,其它6种。潮间带大型底栖动物总平均生物量5307.06g/m2,总平均丰度为2323.20ind/m2。在各类群底栖动...     

Assessing spillover from marine protected areas and its drivers: A meta‐analytical approach

Overfishing may seriously impact fish populations and ecosystems. Marine protected areas (MPAs) are key tools for biodiversity conservation and fisheries management, yet the fisheries benefits remain debateable. Many MPAs include a fully protected area (FPA), restricting all activities, within a partially protected area (PPA) where potentially sustainable activities are permitted. An effective tool for biodiversity conservation, FPAs, can sustain local fisheries via spillover, that is the outward export of individuals from FPAs. Spillover refers to both: “ecological spillover”: outward net emigration of juveniles, subadults and/or adults from the FPA; and “fishery spillover”: the fraction of ecological spillover that directly benefits fishery yields and revenues through fishable biomass. Yet, how common is spillover remains controversial. We present a meta‐analysis of a unique global database covering 23 FPAs worldwide, using published literature and purposely collected field data, to assess the capacity of FPAs to export biomass and whether this response was mediated by specific FPA features (e.g. size, age) or species characteristics (e.g. mobility, economic value). Results show fish biomass and abundance outside FPAs was higher: (a) in locations close to FPA borders (<200 m) than further away (>200 m); (b) for species with a high commercial value; and (c) in the presence of PPA surrounding the FPA. Spillover was slightly higher in FPAs that were larger and older and for more mobile species. Based on the broadest data set compiled to date on marine species ecological spillover beyond FPAs' borders, our work highlights elements that could guide strategies to enhance local fishery management using MPAs.     

枸杞岛海藻场大型底栖无脊椎动物摄食类群研究

随着海洋生态学研究的深入和海洋环境监测的需要,一些传统的研究方法如多样性指数等在评价大型底栖生物群落结构变化时显得说服力不足,而摄食功能群的研究越来越受到重视。本实验根据2012年8月对浙江枸杞岛海藻场大型底栖无脊椎动物的调查实验,分析该海域夏季大型底栖无脊椎动物摄食类群的组成、空间及数量分布,并进行相关生态评价。结果表明,枸杞岛海藻场夏季大型底栖无脊椎动物组成以肉食者和滤食者占较大优势,食碎屑者、植食者和食底泥者次之,杂食者最少;肉食者的优势种为布尔小笔螺、寄居蟹、扁平管帽螺、甲虫螺和四齿矶蟹等,滤食者的优势种为条纹隔贻贝、带偏顶蛤、短石蛏和布氏蚶等,植食者的优势种为钩虾、单一丽口螺和锈凹螺等;各摄食类群水平分布较均匀,垂直分布受水深和摄食饵料的限制;基于大型底栖无脊椎动物功能类群的生态参数评价结果表明,枸杞岛海藻场大型底栖无脊椎动物群落健康状态呈虚弱水平,大部分站位大型底栖无脊椎动物群落受到轻度扰动,底栖生态质量状况较好。     

三峡水库小江流域消落区土壤的理化性状

2009年5月、7月和9月对小江流域上游至下游消落区的5个断面的土壤理化性状进行监测。结果表明,土壤容重、孔隙度、pH、有机质、全氮和全磷的总体平均值分别为1.47g/cm3、45%、7.33、16.42g/kg、0.79g/kg和0.59g/kg,变化范围分别为1.15～1.68g/cm3、37.0%～61.0%、4.04～8.72、6.64～35.69g/kg、0.40～1.42g/kg和0.36～0.94g/kg。高程150m处的土壤容重均值在7月下降、9月增加,160m处的土壤容重均值在7月增加较多,9月变化不大;不同高程处的孔隙度均值变化与土壤容重变化呈相反的变化趋势;高程160m处土壤有机质在7月有所下降,9月变化不大;各高程土壤全氮和全磷总体呈7月升高、9月下降趋势。并对消落区土壤理化性状变化的影响因素进行了初步分析。     

钓鱼岛近海的涡旋及其与马面鲀渔场的关系

本文根据1981—1984年各年春季(4月),绿鳍马面鲀产卵场的调查资料及产量统计资料,通过水温、盐度、密度σ_t比容偏差10~((?)δ)和地转流等海况要素,对钓鱼岛近海的涡旋特征、强度、位置变化及结合渔况进行分析研究。初步认为钓鱼岛东北海区即黑潮及其分支处附近,存在一气旋型涡旋,涡旋边缘的北侧和西侧流速较小,是马面鲀的过路渔场和产卵场。春季马面鲀的产卵场基本集中在钓鱼岛近海(26°N断面)的涡旋区及其西侧边缘的近底层,水温为17—18℃,盐度为34.6—34.8‰,比容偏差10~((?)δ)为270一290。若以涡旋底部的比容偏差10~((?)δ)作为衡量外洋水强弱的指标,则它与上海、舟山渔业公司4—5月份的马面鲀产量之间的相关系数为0.913;与马面鲀年总产量的相关为0.812。故认为该水文要素可提供渔获量预报的一项指标。马面鲀仔鱼基本沿涡旋周围的海流逐步向东北方向漂移。     

Cryopreservation effects on the sperm quality of cachama blanca Piaractus brachypomus (Cuvier 1818)

The effects of straws volume, cryoprotectants and thawing temperatures were evaluated on the sperm quality of cachama blanca Piaractus brachypomus (Cuvier), an important Colombian fish species. Sexually mature fish were induced to ovulation or spermiation with a carp pituitary extract. A pool of suitable sperm samples was diluted in glucose, egg yolk, dimethyl sulphoxide (DMSO‐10%), methanol (MET‐10%) or ethylene glycol (ETG‐5%) and packed in 0.5, 2.5 or 5.0 mL straws and frozen in nitrogen vapour. The thawing process was performed in a 35 or an 80 °C water bath. The fertility was evaluated after 6 h post fertilization. The highest motility percentage (33 ± 3%) was observed with sperm cryopreserved with DMSO, packed in 5 mL straws and thawed at 35 °C. The treatments with DMSO and MET packed in 0.5 and 5.0 mL straws and thawed at 35 °C showed the highest fertility (higher than 71%) and the lowest fertility was obtained with MET‐2.5 mL (9 ± 5%). In all the treatments, a significant decrease in the sperm quality was observed at 80 °C. Sperm cryopreserved with DMSO‐10% or MET‐10%, packed in 2.5 or 5.0 mL straws are suitable to achieve acceptable fertilization and to fertilize high amounts of eggs.     

浙江六横岛泥滩潮间带大型底栖动物的群落特征

本文分析了浙江六横岛泥滩潮间带大型底栖动物的种类组成、数量分布和多样性指数等群落特征。3个泥滩潮间带断面调查采获的大型底栖动物共有19种,其中软体动物10种,节肢动物6种,脊索动物2种,环节动物1种。3个泥滩潮间带断面总平均生物量为470.77±314.32 g/m2, 总平均栖息密度为480±248 ind./m2。在各类群底栖动物中,平均生物量及密度都以软体动物居首位。六横岛潮间带大型底栖动物的Shannon-Wiener多样性指数、Margalef丰富度指数和Pielou均匀度指数的分布范围分别在1.97-2.14、1.45-1.67和0.83-0.95,平均值分别为2.06±0.08、1.53±0.12和0.90±0.06。六横潮间带大型底栖动物ABC曲线分析表明底栖动物群落已受到一定程度的污染扰动。     

三峡水库消落区植物群落结构及其季节性变化规律

为揭示三峡水库消落区出露期间植物群落结构特征的季节性变化规律,于2017年4、6和98月,设置了15个调查样地,并根据高程将消落区分为145~155 m、156~165 m和166~175 m等3个区域,并设置未水淹区域（高程176~-185 m）为对照。结果表明,消落区出露时间显著影响着植物群落的组成,随着出露时间的延长,消落区植物群落优势种及其优势度变化规律因植物的生活型不同呈现出相反的变化规律。从4月至8月,优势植物狗牙根、牛鞭草、喜旱莲子草等多年生草本植物优势度下降,鬼针草、苍耳、醴肠、水蓼、野胡萝卜、狗尾草等一年生草本植物优势度增加。而未水淹区植物优势种及其优势度变化规律不会因生活型不同而表现出不同的规律,不同地点的植物群落优势种差异较大,相对来说艾蒿较为优势,其次为小飞蓬。高程也是影响植物群落特征的主要因子,消落区植物群落Shannon-Wiener指数、Margalef指数、Simpson指数、植物高度均值显著低于未水淹区域,随着高程的增加,Shannon-Wiener指数、Margalef指数、Simpson指数生物多样性指数及、植物高度均值呈增加趋势。三峡水库消落区之所以呈现出目前的植物群落分布特征,植物内在的适应机制包括植物本身的冬季耐水淹能力、夏季抗旱能力、抗病虫害能力以及植物的及其繁殖对策、种源扩散对策等是主因,而外界环境条件,包括消落区土层厚度、地形坡度、土壤基质氮磷等营养盐,以及受水淹持续时间、水淹深度、高程、消落区出露时间等是其主要驱动因子。     

Does root-sourced ABA play a role for regulation of stomata under drought in quinoa (Chenopodium quinoa Willd.)

The Andean seed crop quinoa (Chenopodium quinoa Willd.) is traditionally grown under drought and other adverse conditions that constrain crop production in the Andes, and it is regarded as having considerable tolerance to soil drying. The objective of this research was to study how chemical and hydraulic signalling from the root system controlled gas exchange in a drying soil in quinoa. It was observed that during soil drying, relative g_s and photosynthesis A_max (drought stressed/fully watered plants) equalled 1, until the fraction of transpirable soil water (FTSW) decreased to 0.82 ± 0.152 and 0.33 ± 0.061, respectively, at bud formation, indicating that photosynthesis was maintained after stomata closure. The relationship between relative g_s and relative A_max at bud formation was represented by a logarithmic function (r² = 0.79), which resulted in a photosynthetic water use efficiency WUE_Amax_/gs$\text{WU}{\text{E}}_{A_{\text{max}}/g_{\text{s}}}$ of 1 when FTSW > 0.8, and increased by 50% with soil drying to FTSW 0.7–0.4. Mild soil drying slightly increased ABA in the xylem. It is concluded that during soil drying, quinoa plants have a sensitive stomatal closure, by which the plants are able to maintain leaf water potential (ψ_l) and A_max, resulting in an increase of WUE. Root originated ABA plays a role in stomata performance during soil drying. ABA regulation seems to be one of the mechanisms utilised by quinoa when facing drought inducing decrease of turgor of stomata guard cells.     

辣椒根系分泌物的化感作用及其化感物质分析

 利用生物测定和GC-MS分析的方法,研究了辣椒根系分泌物各组分的化感作用及其优势组分的化感物质。结果表明：辣椒根系分泌物各组分对莴苣的化感作用不同,以乙醚洗脱组分的化感作用最强;对乙醚洗脱组分进行再分离,最后得出80%乙醚＋20％乙酸乙酯洗脱组分的化感作用最强;对80%乙醚＋20％乙酸乙酯洗脱组分进行GC-MS分析鉴定,确定辣椒根系分泌的主要化感物质为邻苯二甲酸二丁酯、邻苯二甲酸-丁基-环己烷基酯、邻苯二甲酸-丁基-异丁酯、邻苯二甲酸二叔丁酯、二苯胺、4,4’-叔丁基二苯酚、苯萘胺、邻苯二甲酸,其中,邻苯二甲酸二丁酯的含量最高。