大宁河回水区消落带土壤磷释放动力学研究

以三峡大宁河回水区消落带采集的6个土壤样品为研究对象,在室内模拟条件下,通过磷释放动力学实验,研究了三峡入库河流大宁河消落带土壤磷释放动力学特征,并分析了样品组成特征对释放动力学的影响,结果表明:指数动力学模型可以很好的拟合大宁河回水区消落带土壤样品磷释放动力学特征,前25 h为快反应,磷释放速度较大,随后进入慢反应,逐渐达到最大磷释放量;样品磷释放动力学特征与总氮、总磷和有机质等理化指标相关性较弱;样品磷释放动力学特征与Fe/Al-P的呈现极显著正相关关系,与Ca-P和O-P的相关性较弱,这说明样品中磷的释放量主要受Fe/Al-P含量控制。     

Considering sink strength to model crop production under elevated atmospheric CO2

Climatic changes and elevated atmospheric CO₂ concentrations will affect crop growth and production in the near future. Rising CO₂ concentration is a novel environmental aspect that should be considered when projections for future agricultural productivity are made. In addition to a reducing effect on stomatal conductance and crop transpiration, elevated CO₂ concentration can stimulate crop production. The magnitude of this stimulatory effect (‘CO₂ fertilization’) is subject of discussion. In this study, different calculation procedures of the generic crop model AquaCrop based on a foregoing theoretical framework and a meta-analysis of field responses, respectively, were evaluated against experimental data of free air CO₂ enrichment (FACE) environments. A flexible response of the water productivity parameter of the model to CO₂ concentration was introduced as the best option to consider crop sink strength and responsiveness to CO₂. By varying the response factor, differences in crop sink capacity and trends in breeding and management, which alter crop responsiveness, can be addressed. Projections of maize (Zea mays L.) and potato (Solanum tuberosum L.) production reflecting the differences in responsiveness were simulated for future time horizons when elevated CO₂ concentrations and climatic changes are expected. Variation in future yield potential associated with sink strength could be as high as 27% of the total production. Thus, taking into account crop sink strength and variation in responsiveness is equally relevant to considering climatic changes and elevated CO₂ concentration when assessing future crop production. Indicative values representing the crop responsiveness to elevated CO₂ concentration were proposed for all crops currently available in the database of AquaCrop as a first step in reducing part of the uncertainty involved in modeling future agricultural production.     

瞬时拉力下两个生长期4种植物单根抗拉力与抗拉强度的研究

研究3～4年生柠条、沙柳、沙地柏和白沙蒿的单根(根径为0.3～3 mm)在两个生长时期内瞬时大风作用下的抗拉力和平均抗拉强度.结果表明,在生长季初期(5月初)和旺盛生长期(8月中旬),4种植物根系的单根抗拉力与直径均呈幂函数正相关关系;抗拉力和平均抗拉强度均表现为柠条＞沙柳＞沙地柏＞白沙蒿;沙柳、沙地柏、白沙蒿在生长季初期的抗拉力和平均抗拉强度大于旺盛生长期,柠条反之.     

Conversion of a tropical forest into agroforest alters the fine root-related carbon flux to the soil

Large areas of remaining tropical forests are affected by anthropogenic disturbances of various intensities. These disturbances alter the structure of the forest ecosystem and consequently its carbon budget. We analysed the role of fine root dynamics in the soil carbon budget of tropical moist forests in South-east Asia along a gradient of increasing disturbance intensity. Fine root production, fine root turnover, and the associated carbon fluxes from the fine root system to the soil were estimated with three different approaches in five stands ranging from an old growth forest with negligible anthropogenic disturbance to a cacao agroforestry system with planted shade trees. Annual fine root production and mortality in three natural forest sites with increasing canopy openness decreased continuously with increasing forest disturbance, with a reduction of more than 45% between the undisturbed forest and the forest with large timber extraction. Cacao agroforestry stands had higher fine root production and mortality rates than forest with large timber extraction but less than undisturbed forest. The amount of carbon annually transferred to the soil carbon pool through fine root mortality was highest in the undisturbed forest and generally decreased with increasing forest use intensity. However, root-related C flux was also relatively high in the plantation with planted shading trees. In contrast, the relative importance of C transfer from root death in the total above- and below-ground C input to the soil increased with increasing forest use intensity and was even similar to the C input via leaf litter fall in the more intensively managed agroforest. We conclude that moderate to heavy disturbance in South-east Asian tropical moist forests has a profound impact on fine root turnover and the related carbon transfer to the soil.     

FACE对三系杂交籼稻汕优63根系活性影响的研究

2005、2006年利用我国惟一的农田开放式空气CO2浓度增高（FACE）研究平台,设计施N量为125kg·hm^-2（LN）、250kg·hm^-2（NN）处理,研究大气CO2浓度比对照高200umol·mol^-1的FACE处理对三系杂交籼稻汕优63根系活性的影响。结果表明：（1）FACE处理使汕优63不同生育时期单位干质量根系的总吸收面积、活跃吸收面积、α-萘胺氧化量等根系活性指标均极显著小于对照。由于FACE处理促进汕优63根系发生量的大幅度增加,因此分蘖期、拔节期其单穴根系活性与对照多无明显差异,到抽穗期FACE处理单穴根系活性显著大于对照;（2）拔节期、抽穗期汕优63每穴的不定根数、不定根总长度、根系体积、根干质量与单位干质量根系活性的关系密切,根量越大单位于质量根系活性越低;（3）不同生育时期汕优63植株含氮率与单位干质量的根系活性多呈正相关,植株碳氮比与单位干质量的根系活性多呈负相关;（4）FACE处理汕优63根系生长量大、植株含氮率低、碳氮比高等可能是造成其单位干质量根系活性低于对照的重要原因。     

萘和p,p′-DDE在典型包气带介质上的吸附动力学及吸附-解吸特征

选取3种典型包气带土壤为吸附剂,萘和p,p′-DDE为吸附质,研究了其吸附动力学特征及吸附解吸规律。实验结果显示,初始浓度越大,吸附到达平衡所需时间就越短。数据拟合结果表明,单一级次的动力学方程难以描述两种吸附质的吸附动力学特征,分析认为土壤对有机污染物的吸附过程不是单一反应,而是有机污染物在无机矿物、无定型有机碳和凝聚型有机碳上同时进行吸附反应的复合结果。萘与p,p′-DDE的吸附、解吸过程均表现出非线性,Freundlich方程的吸附指数n在不同程度上偏离1;两种污染物在土样中的吸附过程不完全可逆,Kow、初始浓度以及土壤有机碳含量（fo）c的差异都影响其在土壤不同组分上的吸附百分比,进而影响解吸率。萘更多地吸附在无机矿物表面及无定型有机碳上,随着初始浓度的增大（37.7~780.9μg.L-1）,解吸率可从10%左右增至近85%;而当初始浓度为37.7μg.L-1时,随foc的增大（0.01%~0.65%）,解吸率由12.39%降至3.90%。p,p′-DDE则更多地吸附在凝聚型有机碳上,解吸率随浓度的变化（11.0~275.1μg.L-1）仅在1%~5%内波动,当初始浓度为11.0μg.L-1时,解吸率随foc的增大由4.49%降至1.06%。两者解吸率都和foc呈负相关关系。     

双环直径对土壤入渗速率的影响

双环法是测定土壤入渗速率最为广泛最为经典的方法,但双环直径可能影响土壤入渗速率测定结果,因其为地表积水有压入渗,在坡地上测定时,因整平地表时会产生很大扰动,从而产生测定误差。研究设计5组不同直径的双环入渗试验,分析双环直径对土壤初始入渗速率、稳定入渗速率、累计入渗量的影响。结果表明:当双环内环直径分别为15,20,25,30cm时,初始入渗速率分别是常规内环直径为35cm双环的88.3%,110.8%,119.9%,100.7%,稳定入渗率分别是54%,73%,85%,89%。对不同时刻入渗速率进行T值检验发现,用内环直径为20,25,30cm双环测定的入渗过程与常用内径为35cm的双环测定土壤入渗过程无显著差异。考虑地表扰动因素、试验需水量等多因素的影响,可用内环直径20cm、外环直径为35cm的双环替代目前常规内环直径为35cm,外环直径为50cm的双环,用于坡地土壤入渗速率测定,可以减少地表扰动,从而准确测定土壤入渗率,又能节约用水量。     

不同退耕年限撂荒地植物多样性及生物量分析

退耕还林(草)作为黄土高原水土流失综合治理的主要生态建设措施,经过几十年的开展,黄土高原生态环境得到极大恢复,林草覆盖率明显增加。以安塞县纸坊沟流域为研究区,选取坡耕地(0a)为对照,研究了退耕年限(3～5,10,18,28,37a)对撂荒地植物多样性和生物量的影响。结果表明,随退耕年限的延长,物种丰富度指数、多样性指数、均匀度指数、相同土层根长密度都表现为增大—减小—增大的趋势;植被盖度和地上生物量表现为37a>28a>18a>3～5a>10a>0a;撂荒地植被根系生物量、根长密度均随土层深度增加而减少;不同退耕年限撂荒地,相同层根系生物量表现为28a>37a>18a>3～5a>10a>0a。     

水肥耦合对华北高产农区小麦-玉米产量和土壤硝态氮淋失风险的影响

在封丘农田生态系统国家试验站, 通过多组水肥组合试验, 研究了冬小麦-夏玉米轮作下, 水、肥对作物产量、硝态氮在土壤剖面中的分布特征及其淋失风险的影响。结果表明, 适宜灌溉情况下, 氮磷配施是提高作物产量的关键, 氮钾配施与磷钾配施增产效果不明显。统计结果表明, 各因素对小麦产量影响次序依次为氮肥≥磷肥＞灌溉＞钾肥, 对玉米产量的影响次序为氮肥＞磷肥＞钾肥＞灌溉, 只有氮磷对作物产量的影响达到统计学上的显著性差异。随着施氮量和灌溉量的增加, 硝态氮累积峰峰值增加, 峰厚度加厚, 出现位置加深, 且根区外硝态氮含量亦显著增加, 极大地提高了硝态氮的淋失风险。适宜氮肥用量与适宜灌溉是减轻硝态氮淋失风险的关键, 氮磷配施可有效降低深层土壤硝态氮累积。研究区域适宜氮肥用量为每年400 kg(N)·hm^-2,适宜磷肥用量为每年225 kg( P₂O₅)·hm^-2, 一般降雨年型全年灌溉量以280 mm 左右为宜。     

硒的价态与浓度水平对6种植物种子发芽和根际生长的影响

本文研究了硒的价态（Se6＋和Se4＋）和浓度水平（0～100mgSe·L-1）对6种植物（大麦、小麦、花椰菜、萝卜、苜蓿和欧芹）种子萌发和根际生长特性的影响。结果表明,低浓度硒（〈1mgSe·L-1）对种子发芽促进作用不明显,而高浓度硒（〉4mgSe·L-1）则有显著抑制作用,不同种子对硒的抗性表现不同。根长和芽长的测定结果表明,低浓度对花椰菜和小麦种子生长具有显著促进作用,对欧芹种子表现出抑制作用。较高浓度（1～4mg·L-1）即对花椰菜、苜蓿和欧芹的根生长表现出抑制作用,高浓度对小麦、大麦和萝卜根生长有抑制作用,且使芽生长受到抑制的硒浓度高于根生长。比较价态,低硒时六价对花椰菜生长的促进作用显著高于四价,高硒时小麦和苜蓿对硒的抗性表现为六价硒强于四价硒,其余科属差异不显著。不同科属对硒的抗性为禾本科小麦和大麦最强,十字花科花椰菜和萝卜次之,豆科苜蓿较差,伞形科欧芹最差。