不同施氮量下覆膜滴灌玉米相对根长密度模型研究

为探明施氮量对宁夏引黄灌区覆膜滴灌玉米根长密度(RLD)的影响,设置5个施氮水平和1个对照(CK,不施氮与不覆膜)进行试验,测定玉米RLD,建立不同施氮量下相对根长密度(NRLD)模型,并加以检验。结果表明:不同施氮处理的玉米RLD分布区域均随土层深度的增加而减小,且大部分集中在0～20 cm土层;随着施氮量的增加,RLD分布区域明显扩大; NRLD分布满足三阶多项式函数模型,模拟曲线的决定系数R2为0.951,模型检验结果R2为0.845,均方根误差(RMSE)为0.248,拟合效果好,但该多项式模型不能保证NRLD在相对取样深度Zr为1时达到0,故对玉米NRLD分布多项式模型进行优化。优化模型验证结果显示,各施氮处理RMSE不大于0.308,CK、N0、N1、N2、N3和N4处理的标准化均方根误差分别为0.242、0.193、0.184、0.226、0.208和0.273,R2分别为0.903、0.953、0.920、0.944、0.962和0.898,具有较高的拟合度,解决了NRLD在Zr=1时达到0的问题。本研究可为宁夏引黄灌区膜下滴灌玉米NRLD分布拟合、根系养分吸收和施肥管理提供理论参考。     

Does root-sourced ABA play a role for regulation of stomata under drought in quinoa (Chenopodium quinoa Willd.)

The Andean seed crop quinoa (Chenopodium quinoa Willd.) is traditionally grown under drought and other adverse conditions that constrain crop production in the Andes, and it is regarded as having considerable tolerance to soil drying. The objective of this research was to study how chemical and hydraulic signalling from the root system controlled gas exchange in a drying soil in quinoa. It was observed that during soil drying, relative g_s and photosynthesis A_max (drought stressed/fully watered plants) equalled 1, until the fraction of transpirable soil water (FTSW) decreased to 0.82 ± 0.152 and 0.33 ± 0.061, respectively, at bud formation, indicating that photosynthesis was maintained after stomata closure. The relationship between relative g_s and relative A_max at bud formation was represented by a logarithmic function (r² = 0.79), which resulted in a photosynthetic water use efficiency WUE_Amax_/gs$\text{WU}{\text{E}}_{A_{\text{max}}/g_{\text{s}}}$ of 1 when FTSW > 0.8, and increased by 50% with soil drying to FTSW 0.7–0.4. Mild soil drying slightly increased ABA in the xylem. It is concluded that during soil drying, quinoa plants have a sensitive stomatal closure, by which the plants are able to maintain leaf water potential (ψ_l) and A_max, resulting in an increase of WUE. Root originated ABA plays a role in stomata performance during soil drying. ABA regulation seems to be one of the mechanisms utilised by quinoa when facing drought inducing decrease of turgor of stomata guard cells.     

辣椒根系分泌物的化感作用及其化感物质分析

 利用生物测定和GC-MS分析的方法,研究了辣椒根系分泌物各组分的化感作用及其优势组分的化感物质。结果表明：辣椒根系分泌物各组分对莴苣的化感作用不同,以乙醚洗脱组分的化感作用最强;对乙醚洗脱组分进行再分离,最后得出80%乙醚＋20％乙酸乙酯洗脱组分的化感作用最强;对80%乙醚＋20％乙酸乙酯洗脱组分进行GC-MS分析鉴定,确定辣椒根系分泌的主要化感物质为邻苯二甲酸二丁酯、邻苯二甲酸-丁基-环己烷基酯、邻苯二甲酸-丁基-异丁酯、邻苯二甲酸二叔丁酯、二苯胺、4,4’-叔丁基二苯酚、苯萘胺、邻苯二甲酸,其中,邻苯二甲酸二丁酯的含量最高。     

不同基质及生根剂浓度对五种园林植物扦插生根的影响

以5种园林植物为材料,进行不同基质与不同生根剂浓度对植物扦插生根的比较研究.结果表明:月季、大叶黄杨最适宜的基质是河沙,小叶女贞、八角金盘最适宜的基质是珍珠岩,鹅掌柴最适宜的基质是混合基质.月季、大叶黄杨最合适的生根剂浓度为3 000 mg/kg,小叶女贞最合适的生根剂浓度为5000mg/kg,八角金盘、鹅掌柴最合适的生根剂浓度为1000mg/kg.     

白花败酱组织培养及快速繁殖研究

选取长势较好、无病害野生白花败酱植株的茎尖及茎段作为外植体进行组织培养,以MS为基本培养基,设计不同激素浓度配比试验,筛选最佳培养基配方。结果表明:采用0.1%HgCl2对外植体进行消毒,茎尖最佳消毒时间为10 min,茎段为15 min;最佳诱导培养基配方是MS+6-BA 3.0 mg/L+NAA 0.1 mg/L,诱导率100%,增殖培养基MS+6-BA 2.0 mg/L+NAA0.2 mg/L,增殖倍数7.8;生根壮苗培养基是MS+NAA 1 mg/L+马铃薯5%。     

甘蔗茎尖脱毒培养技术研究

针对热处理结合茎尖分生组织培养甘蔗脱毒苗在茎尖培养阶段由于污染率和褐变率高培养成功率较低问题,在甘蔗的热处理、茎尖解剖、接种等阶段设计不同试验进行研究探讨,以期提高茎尖培养的成活率和成功率。试验结果表明,不同的甘蔗品种在热处理时应需不同的水浴温度和时间;在茎尖解剖前,使用75％酒精处理可以减少茎尖培养的污染率;在接种前,将茎尖放到无菌水或者150mg／L的PVP（聚乙烯毗咯烷酮）溶液中浸泡15min可以减少酚污染,PVP还对其生长有促进作用;活性炭的作用有利有弊,需要进一步的研究确定其用量。     

甜菜产生叉根的原因初探

从种子芽势、作物茬口、播种量、镇压次数、育苗苗龄方面调查分析了甜菜产生叉根的原因。     

Mineral content of three olive cultivars irrigated with treated industrial wastewater

The reuse of saline treated industrial wastewater generated by textile firms mixed with municipal domestic effluent for irrigation was used to asses its effect on the mineral content of three olive (Olea europaea L.) cultivars under greenhouse and field conditions during two complete vegetative cycles. Chemical analysis of the treated wastewater indicated that the element concentrations fall within the permissible range of irrigation water used for plants. However, little impermissible accumulation of Na and Mg higher than the recommended maximum concentration was observed. Irrigation water with six electrical conductivities (EC = 0.78, 1.0, 2.0, 3.0, 4.0 and 5.0 dS m⁻¹ in treatments T₀, T₁, T₂, T₃, T₄, T₅, respectively) were compared in the greenhouse experiment. The olive trees in the field experiment were trickle irrigated with potable water and treated wastewater (average EC = 4.2 dS m⁻¹). The results of the greenhouse experiment showed that leaf N, Cu, Mn, Fe, Pb, and Na contents increased with increasing salinity of the treated wastewater. This increase was accompanied with a decrease in K and Mg contents. Leaf Ca and Cl concentrations were not considerably affected. Ion analysis in roots indicated that the contents of P, Na, Cl, Mn, and Pb increased while K decreased as treated wastewater salinity increased. Consequently, in most cases T₄ and T₅ gave a highly significant increase or decrease in accumulation of the previously mentioned minerals. A considerable variation in the studied cultivars was noticed. ‘Nabali’ was considered the most tolerant cultivar for the high salinity levels of the treated wastewater; its transporting selectivity of Na from root to leaf was higher and more Na was retained in the roots. Tissue analysis of leaves indicated that the element concentrations were within the adequate levels except those of Fe in ‘Nabali’ and ‘Manzanillo’, Na in ‘Improved Nabali’ and Cu in ‘Nabali’ and ‘Manzanillo’. In view of these findings, the negligible accumulation of minerals in leaves and roots indicated that this kind of textile effluent can be used as a valid alternative for irrigation of olive orchards with continuous monitoring of mineral levels.     

Simulation of transpiration, drainage, N uptake, nitrate leaching, and N uptake concentration in tomato grown in open substrate

Free-drainage or “open” substrate system used for vegetable production in greenhouses is associated with appreciable NO₃⁻ leaching losses and drainage volumes. Simulation models of crop N uptake, N leaching, water use and drainage of crops in these systems will be useful for crop and water resource management, and environmental assessment. This work (i) modified the TOMGRO model to simulate N uptake for tomato grown in greenhouses in SE Spain, (ii) modified the PrHo model to simulate transpiration of tomato grown in substrate and (iii) developed an aggregated model combining TOMGRO and PrHo to calculate N uptake concentrations and drainage NO₃⁻ concentration. The component models simulate NO₃⁻-N leached by subtracting simulated N uptake from measured applied N, and drainage by subtracting simulated transpiration from measured irrigation. Three tomato crops grown sequentially in free-draining rock wool in a plastic greenhouse were used for calibration and validation. Measured daily transpiration was determined by the water balance method from daily measurements of irrigation and drainage. Measured N uptake was determined by N balance, using data of volumes and of concentrations of NO₃⁻ and NH₄⁺ in applied nutrient solution and drainage. Accuracy of the two modified component models and aggregated model was assessed by comparing simulated to measured values using linear regression analysis, comparison of slope and intercept values of regression equations, and root mean squared error (RMSE) values. For the three crops, the modified TOMGRO provided accurate simulations of cumulative crop N uptake, (RMSE = 6.4, 1.9 and 2.6% of total N uptake) and NO₃⁻-N leached (RMSE = 11.0, 10.3, and 6.1% of total NO₃⁻-N leached). The modified PrHo provided accurate simulation of cumulative transpiration (RMSE = 4.3, 1.7 and 2.4% of total transpiration) and cumulative drainage (RMSE = 13.8, 6.9, 7.4% of total drainage). For the four cumulative parameters, slopes and intercepts of the linear regressions were mostly not statistically significant (P < 0.05) from one and zero, respectively, and coefficient of determination (r²) values were 0.96-0.98. Simulated values of total drainage volumes for the three crops were +21, +1 and −13% of measured total drainage volumes. The aggregated TOMGRO-PrHo model generally provided accurate simulation of crop N uptake concentration after 30-40 days of transplanting, with an average RMSE of approximately 2 mmol L⁻¹. Simulated values of average NO₃⁻ concentration in drainage, obtained with the aggregated model, were −7, +18 and +31% of measured values.     

不同灌溉和施肥方式对杂交稻生长和根际环境的影响

对杂交稻中优218不同灌溉方式和氮肥管理下水稻生长和根际环境的变化进行研究,结果表明,水稻好气灌溉条件下各施肥处理产量均高于传统灌溉处理,产量比淹水灌溉增产10.5%~11.3%,主要表现在每穗粒数增加而提高产量。好气灌溉与淹水灌溉比较各生育期地上部干物重和叶面积指数均增加,土壤氧化还原电位提高,放线菌数量显著增加。增加有机肥降低土壤氧化还原电位和提高放线菌数量,在好气灌溉条件下施相同氮素有机肥放线菌数多于化肥。