不同Ca2+浓度对蒲公英和橡胶草种子萌发及根系生长的影响

【目的】研究黄蒲蒲公英和科根橡胶草2个品系种子萌发和根系生长对不同Ca²⁺浓度的响应,分析其种子及根部对Ca²⁺的响应特征。【方法】以新疆当地黄蒲蒲公英、科根橡胶草为材料,2020年设置室内试验。设0(CK)、0.04、0.08、0.12、0.16 mol/L 5个Ca²⁺浓度处理。【结果】与CK相比,0.04 mol/L Ca²⁺处理未显著影响黄蒲蒲公英和科根橡胶草的种子发芽率、发芽势、发芽指数,其余Ca²⁺处理下的种子萌发参数均随着浓度增加呈降低趋势。根系参数与种子萌发参数表现一致,根系总长度、表面积、体积均随着Ca²⁺浓度的增加逐渐降低,科根橡胶草的细根长度(直径(d)<0.5 mm)在0.04、0.08 mol/L Ca²⁺浓度处理下大于黄蒲蒲公英。【结论】黄蒲蒲公英和科根橡胶草在不同的Ca²⁺浓度处理下的根系生长适应性不同。尤其在0.04、0.08 mol/L Ca²⁺浓度处理下科根橡胶草细根长度要大于黄蒲蒲公英,发芽率也要大于黄蒲蒲公英。     

Functional roles of root plasticity and its contribution to water uptake and dry matter production of CSSLs with the genetic background of KDML105 under soil moisture fluctuation

Soil moisture fluctuation (SMF) stress due to erratic rainfall in rainfed lowland (RFL) rice ecosystems negatively affect production. Under such condition, root plasticity is one of the key traits that play important roles for plant adaptation. This study aimed to evaluate root plasticity expression and its functional roles in water uptake, dry matter production and yield under SMF using three chromosome segment substitution lines (CSSLs) with major genetic background of KDML105 and a common substituted segment in chromosome 8. The CSSLs showed greater shoot dry matter production than KDML105 under SMF, which was attributed to the maintenance of stomatal conductance resulting in higher grain yield. The root system development based on total root length of the CSSLs were significantly higher than that of KDML105 due to the promoted production of nodal and lateral roots. These results implied that the common substituted segments in chromosome 8 of the 3 CSSLs may be responsible for the expression of their root plasticity under SMF and contributed to the increase in water uptake and consequently dry matter production and yield. These CSSLs could be used as a good source of genetic material for drought resistance breeding programs targeting rainfed lowland condition with fluctuating soil moisture environments and for further genetic studies to elucidate mechanisms underlying root plasticity.     

QTL mapping of seedling biomass and root traits under different nitrogen conditions in bread wheat(Triticum aestivum L.)

Plant nitrogen assimilation and use efficiency in the seedling's root system are beneficial for adult plants in field condition for yield enhancement. Identification of the genetic basis between root traits and N uptake plays a crucial role in wheat breeding. In the present study, 198 doubled haploid lines from the cross of Yangmai 16/Zhongmai 895 were used to identify quantitative trait loci(QTLs) underpinning four seedling biomass traits and five root system architecture(RSA) related traits. The plants were grown under hydroponic conditions with control, low and high N treatments(Ca(NO_3)_2·4H_2 O at 0, 0.05 and 2.0 mmol L~(-1), respectively). Significant variations among the treatments and genotypes, and positive correlations between seedling biomass and RSA traits(r=0.20 to 0.98) were observed. Inclusive composite interval mapping based on a high-density map from the Wheat 660 K single nucleotide polymorphisms(SNP) array identified 51 QTLs from the three N treatments. Twelve new QTLs detected on chromosomes 1 AL(1) in the control, 1 DS(2) in high N treatment, 4 BL(5) in low and high N treatments, and 7 DS(3) and 7 DL(1) in low N treatments, are first reported in influencing the root and biomass related traits for N uptake. The most stable QTLs(RRS.caas-4 DS) on chromosome 4 DS, which were related to ratio of root to shoot dry weight trait, was in close proximity of the Rht-D1 gene, and it showed high phenotypic effects, explaining 13.1% of the phenotypic variance. Twenty-eight QTLs were clustered in 12 genetic regions. SNP markers tightly linked to two important QTLs clusters C10 and C11 on chromosomes 6 BL and 7 BL were converted to kompetitive allele-specific PCR(KASP) assays that underpin important traits in root development, including root dry weight, root surface area and shoot dry weight. These QTLs, clusters and KASP assays can greatly improve the efficiency of selection for root traits in wheat breeding programmes.     

河竹鞭根对长期淹水环境的生理响应

为揭示河竹鞭根对淹水环境的生理响应机制,以在淹水环境中能长期生存的河竹为材料,测定了人工喷灌供水(对照)、淹水6个月的河竹1年生竹鞭上的一级根、二级根的根系活力、抗氧化酶活性和膜脂过氧化、渗透调节物质含量。研究结果表明:河竹根系活力、抗氧化酶活性、MDA含量、相对电导率和可溶性蛋白含量总体上一级根明显高于二级根。长期淹水环境下,河竹一级根、二级根的根系活力、抗氧化酶活性较对照均有显著降低,相对电导率、MDA含量显著升高,水中生长根的根系活力、CAT活性显著高于土中生长根,SOD、POD活性则相反,并能通过维持总体上较高水平的根系活力、抗氧化酶活性、可溶性蛋白含量来适应长期淹水环境的胁迫,尤其是一级根和水中生长根。河竹鞭根通过抗氧化系统的平衡调节作用来适应长期淹水环境,维持生存,其中一级根对淹水环境的响应明显强于二级根,水中生长根在适应淹水环境上起到重要作用。     

Lobarin from the Sumatran lichen, Stereocaulon halei

The diphenyl ether, lobarin (1) (syn. lobariol carboxylic acid) related to lobaric acid was isolated for the first time as a natural product along with five known compounds from Stereocaulon halei, a fruticose lichen collected in Indonesia. The structure of lobarin was elucidated by spectroscopic data analysis and its most stable conformers were determined by molecular mechanic dynamic calculations. A marked superoxide anion scavenging was found for compound 1 while no cytotoxicity on the B16 murine melanoma and HaCaT human keratinocyte cell lines was observed.     

萝卜肉质根膨大过程中库活性的变化

以根冠比不同的3个萝卜品种为材料,研究了萝卜肉质根的生长动态和肉质根膨大过程中源-库活性的变化.结果表明:播种后14～21 d肉质根开始膨大,并在播种28d后进入快速膨大期;叶片的快速生长期先于肉质根.3个品种其根冠比(鲜质量)存在非常明显的差异.其中‘短叶13'在播种后35 d,其根冠比即达到1以上;至播种后56 d其根冠比高达4.7,而‘叶用萝卜'根冠比始终小于1.源活性在播种后14～21 d达到最大,之后逐渐下降,但‘叶用萝卜'源活性在播种后21～28 d仍维持较高的水平;库活性在播种后28 d(‘短叶13'和‘叶用萝卜')或35 d(‘白玉春')内持续快速提高,之后则呈下降趋势.在整个生长过程中,‘短叶13'的源活性始终低于其它两个品种,而其库活性和地下部干重并不低于其它2个品种.     

高寒沙地2种锦鸡儿的根系分布

中间锦鸡儿和柠条锦鸡儿是共和盆地沙丘造林的主要树种。通过剖面法比较了2种锦鸡儿10年生人工林的不同级别的根系分布特征。结果表明:2种锦鸡儿均为深根系植物,深度达到1 m。中间锦鸡儿的根系生物量主要分布在0~60 cm。其中,粗根、中根和细根分别主要分布在0~30、0~60 cm和0~60 cm。然而,它的3个不同径级根系的长度分别主要分布在0~30、0~50 cm和0~60 cm。柠条锦鸡儿的根系生物量主要分布在0~90 cm。其中,粗根、中根和细根分别主要分布在0~60、0~60 cm和0~90 cm。然而,它的3个不同径级根系的长度分别主要分布在0~60、0~60 cm和0~70 cm。因此,中间锦鸡儿的根系相对较浅,适宜吸收降雨补充的浅层和中层土壤水分。柠条锦鸡儿的根系向更深的土壤中生长,吸收深层土壤水分。这反映了2种锦鸡儿对高寒沙地半干旱气候的适应差异。     

氮素形态及水分胁迫对水稻根系生理特性的影响

采用室内营养液培养、聚乙二醇（PEG6000）模拟水分胁迫的方法,在3种供氮形态下（NO3^- -N、NH4^＋ -N和NO3^- -N与NH4^＋ -N等体积混合）,研究了在非水分胁迫及模拟水分胁迫（添加10％PEG,约相当于-0．15MPa）下,苗期水稻根系的生长状况、水分吸收状况及木质部汁液特性。结果表明,水分胁迫抑制了供NO3^- -N营养水稻根系的生长,而对供NH4^＋ -N水稻根系的生长没有影响;水分胁迫提高了NH4^＋ -N营养水稻木质部汁液pH值,并增加其渗透势。提示：水分胁迫条件下,NH4^＋ -N营养对根系生长及木质部汁液调节可能是氮素增强水稻抗旱性的原因之一。     

杨树苗根系特性及根际土壤微生物多样性对施用味精废浆的响应

[目的]探讨味精废浆有机肥对杨树根系特性及根际土壤微生物多样性的作用效果,为杨树苗的培育和造林以及味精废浆有机肥的推广应用提供理论依据和技术指导。[方法]以一年生欧美I-107杨树苗为试材,通过盆栽模拟方式,研究CK(不施肥)、CF(单施化肥)、CM(味精废浆)和CM+CF(味精废浆和化肥各提供50%的氮)等处理对杨树苗根系构建水平、根系吸收面积、根际土壤微生物多样性指数及地径、苗高生长的影响。[结果]施用味精废浆显著促进了杨树苗根系的生长,尤其增加了毛细根的数量及在根体系中的比例。同CF相比,CM+CF处理显著增加了根系的总吸收面积和活跃吸收面积,增幅分别为76.39%和121.48%;同时,CM+CF处理的微生物多样性指数达最高值,并显著高于其它处理。此外,该处理还明显促进了杨树苗地径、苗高的生长,其中地径分别较CK,CF和CM处理显著提高45.30%,22.62%和10.78%,苗高分别显著提高42.21%,20.65%和11.46%。[结论]味精废浆有机肥与化肥配施有助于改善杨树苗根系特性,并提高根际土壤微生物多样性指数,进而促进杨树苗生长。     

南瓜饲养榕树粉蚧的发育历期与生物学特征初报

榕树粉蚧是一种重要的入侵害虫,对果蔬和园林植物存在巨大的潜在威胁.为满足开展检疫处理、防控、生物学和生理学等研究的需要,本研究以南瓜为饲养材料,在室温条件下(26±1℃,RH 65％±5％)观察榕树粉蚧的生物学特性与发育历期.结果 表明,榕树粉蚧具有典型的雌雄二型现象.雄虫主要经历卵、1～2龄若虫、预蛹、蛹、雄成虫阶段...