Root growth,soil water variation,and grain yield response of winter wheat to supplemental irrigation

Water shortage threatens agricultural sustainability in the Huang-Huai-Hai Plain of China. Thus, we investigated the effect of supplemental irrigation (SI) on the root growth, soil water variation, and grain yield of winter wheat in this region by measuring the moisture content in different soil layers. Prior to SI, the soil water content (SWC) at given soil depths was monitored to calculate amount of irritation water that can rehydrate the soil to target SWC. The SWC before SI was monitored to depths of 20, 40, and 60 cm in treatments of W20, W40, and W60, respectively. Rainfed treatment with no irrigation as the control (W0). The mean root weight density (RWD), triphenyl tetrazolium chloride reduction activity (TTC reduction activity), soluble protein (SP) concentrations as well as catalase (CAT), and superoxide dismutase (SOD) activities in W40 and W60 treatments were significantly higher than those in W20. The RWD in 60–100 cm soil layers and the root activity, SP concentrations, CAT and SOD activities in 40–60 cm soil layers in W40 treatment were significantly higher than those in W20 and W60. W40 treatment is characterized by higher SWC in the upper soil layers but lower SWC in the 60–100-cm soil layers during grain filling. The soil water consumption (SWU) in the 60–100 cm soil layers from anthesis after SI to maturity was the highest in W40. The grain yield, water use efficiency (WUE), and irrigation water productivity were the highest in W40, with corresponding mean values of 9169 kg ha^?1, 20.8 kg ha^?1 mm^?1, and 35.5 kg ha^?1 mm^?1. The RWD, root activities, SP concentrations, CAT and SOD activities, and SWU were strongly positively correlated with grain yield and WUE. Therefore, the optimum soil layer for SI of winter wheat after jointing is 0–40 cm.     

Characterization of the morphological and physiological traits of rice cultivars with adaptation to unflooded condition during early vegetative growth

This study aimed to characterize the physiological and morphological traits that are associated with adaptation to unflooded soil conditions in rice. Four indica rice cultivars (Puluik Arang, Badari Dhan, Shwe Nang Gyi, and Ratul), which were previously identified as highly or less adaptable to unflooded soil conditions, were grown under flooded and unflooded (soil water potential; －0.10 MPa) soil conditions. Water uptake was measured every day for three weeks, and then the leaf water potential, the stomatal conductance, the dry matter weight, shoot and root morphological traits were measured. Puluik Arang and Badari Dhan exhibited greater leaf area expansion and higher maintenance of root development under the unflooded condition than that by other cultivars. The leaf water potential and stomatal conductance of fully expanded highest leaf in Puluik Arang and Badari Dhan were not affected by unflooded soil regime. Leaf area and root morphological traits were significantly correlated with water uptake regardless of soil moisture regimes. These results suggested that Puluik Arang and Badari Dhan exhibited great water uptake capacity through physiological and morphological adaptation of shoot and root traits to unflooded condition, resulting in great biomass productivity under the condition.     

Drought-induced root plasticity of two upland NERICA varieties under conditions with contrasting soil depth characteristics

To identify differences in root plasticity patterns of two upland New Rice for Africa (NERICA) varieties, NERICA 1 and 4, in response to drought under conditions with contrasting soil profile characteristics, soil moisture gradients were imposed using a sloping bed system with depths ranging 30–65 cm and a line-source sprinkler system with a uniformly shallow soil layer of 20 cm depth. Varietal differences in shoot and root growths were identified only under moderate drought conditions, 11–18% v/v soil moisture content. Further, under moderate drought soil conditions where roots could penetrate into the deep soil layer, deep root development was greater in NERICA 4 than in NERICA 1, which contributed to maintaining dry matter production. However, under soil conditions with underground impediment to deep root development, higher shoot dry weight was noted for NERICA 1 than for NERICA 4 at 11–18% v/v soil moisture content, which was attributed to increased lateral root development in the shallow soil layer in NERICA 1. Enhanced lateral root development in the 0–20-cm soil layer was identified in NERICA 1 even under soil conditions without an impediment to deep root development; however, this did not contribute to maintaining dry matter production in upland rice. Thus, we show different root developmental traits associated with drought avoidance in the two NERICA varieties, and that desirable root traits for upland rice cultivation vary depending on the target soil environment, such as the distribution of soil moisture and root penetration resistance.     

加味丹参饮抑制p38MAPK表达保护缺氧/复氧乳鼠心肌细胞损伤的实验研究

目的 观察加味丹参饮含药血清对缺氧/复氧（hypoxia/reoxygenation,H/R）乳鼠心肌细胞p38 MAPK蛋白表达的影响,以探讨其保护心肌的作用机制。方法 将20只SD乳鼠的心肌细胞进行原代培养,建立H/R模型并随机分为H/R组、SB203580（p38MAPK阻断剂组）、加味丹参饮含药血清组,正常心肌细胞组作为对照组。采用T淋巴细胞化学染色法鉴定心肌细胞,罗丹明B（Rhodamine B）染色法观察细胞形态,MTT比色法检测含药血清对乳鼠心肌细胞的毒性,Western-blot法检测MKK3（促分裂原活化蛋白激酶-激酶3）、MKK6（促分裂原活化蛋白激酶-激酶6）、p38MAPK、phospho-p38MAPK蛋白表达。结果 与正常血清对照组比较,H/R组MKK3、MKK6的蛋白表达增多,p38MAPK通路阻断剂SB203580和加味丹参饮均不能减少其表达;p38MAPK、phospho-p38MAPK在H/R时表达均增加（P<0.01）,而SB203580和加味丹参饮含药血清均能减少其表达（P<0.01）。结论 加味丹参饮含药血清预处理可通过抑制缺氧,复氧心肌细胞p38MAPK信号通路发挥保护作用,抑制p38MAPK表达及其磷酸化,减轻心肌细胞损伤,起到保护心肌细胞的作用。     

木麻黄红根病病原菌鉴定及其生物学特性测定

对引起木麻黄红根病的病原菌进行鉴定,并测定该病原菌的生物学特性。结果表明:致病性测定接种后木麻黄罹病症状与田间症状相似,根据病原菌子实体形态、显微结构和ITS序列分析,确定引起木麻黄红根病病原菌为热带灵芝[Ganoderma tropicum(Jungh.)Bres.]。病原菌生物学特性测定结果表明:光照对菌丝生长有抑制作用;菌丝生长的最适宜温度为30℃,最适p H值为6.0;在以大豆蛋白胨为氮源的培养基中生长最好,最适碳源为蔗糖。     

大豆疫霉根腐病抗性研究进展

大豆疫霉根腐病由卵菌大豆疫霉菌(Phytophthora sojae)侵染引起,是一种大豆生产上危害非常严重的病害。大豆对疫霉菌的抗性表现有2种,一种是由单位点显性基因Rps控制的完全抗性,对大豆疫霉菌小种具有特异性,另一种为多基因控制的部分抗性,由数量性状位点控制,对所有大豆疫霉菌小种具有广谱抗性。迄今已定位、鉴定了26个单位点Rps基因,分别分布在第2(1个)、3(12个)、10(1个)、13(4个)、16(2个)、17(1个)、18(4个)及19(1个)条染色体上。其中,Rps1k提供了最稳定的PRR抗性。尽管在Rps2等位点区域检测到了抗病基因簇,但至今仅从Rps1k位点分离出了功能基因Rps1k-1和Rps1k-2,二者均为CC-NBS-LRR类型基因,且在细胞内可重组形成Rps1k-3。单位点基因的PRR抗性一般能维持8~15年左右,QTL控制的PRR抗性则较稳定、持久。有待不断发现新的PRR抗性资源和鉴定新的抗性基因,以及阐明大豆抗PRR的遗传与分子机制以长期、有效地防治大豆PRR。本文主要针对大豆的PRR抗性研究,尤其是近年在多个新Rps基因的鉴定、相关基因组学(转录组学)、小RNA及蛋白质组学上的研究,以及影响大豆PRR抗性的基因功能鉴定等方面所取得的进展进行了综述。     

解淀粉芽孢杆菌B1619对番茄的促生作用

解淀粉芽孢杆菌Bacillus amyloliquefaciensB1619是一株对设施番茄土传病害具有很好防治效果的生防菌株。为了明确其对番茄的促生作用,本研究通过室内盆栽试验研究了不同稀释倍数的生防菌B1619发酵上清液对番茄种子萌发和幼苗生长的影响;测定了喷施B1619菌液后番茄体内叶绿素、胡萝卜素和根系活力的变化;运用液质联用法检测了生防菌B1619上清液中促生相关物质(生长素、细胞分裂素、赤霉素、脱落酸和亚精胺)的含量。结果表明,生防菌B1619不同浓度的上清稀释液对番茄种子萌发和幼苗生长均有一定的促进作用,其中以100倍稀释液(4.8×10⁷cfu/mL)促生作用最大;用生防菌B1619不同浓度的上清稀释液对番茄喷施后,番茄植株的叶绿体色素、胡萝卜素和根系活力均有不同程度的增加,其中以100倍稀释液各生理指标活性增加最大(分别增加47.92%、38.37%和49.75%);生防菌B1619上清液中生长素(IAA)、细胞分裂素(CTK)、赤霉素(GA₃)、脱落酸(ABA)和亚精胺(Spd)的含量分别为1.90、1.30、0.0544、1.94和1.22mg/L。本研究结果证实了解淀粉芽孢杆菌生防菌株B1619对番茄生长具有显著促生作用,且促生物质主要存在于上清液中。     

水培燕麦根系形态和氮吸收流量对硝态氮供应浓度的响应

【目的】苗期根系的形态结构与作物的养分吸收和抗倒伏性密切相关,对燕麦如何合理施肥以达到最大的增产效果,需要对不同燕麦品种的氮吸收利用效率做出评价。【方法】本研究以3个不同燕麦栽培品种(坝莜9号、 坝莜3号和200215)为材料,分析了低、 中、 高NO-3-N浓度下(NO-3浓度为1、3、6 mmol/L)根系生长以及NO-3吸收流量的变化。将燕麦种子萌发至一片真叶展开时,每个品种挑选长势一致的10株幼苗放入含不同NO-3浓度的Hoaglands培养液中培养,培养3周后选取长势基本一致的幼苗,采用非损伤微测技术测定根系NO-3流量并利用根系图像分析系统WinRhizo分析根系形态指标。【结果】NO-3-N浓度对不同燕麦品种节根数影响不显著,对侧根密度、 总根长、 根系平均直径和不同直径范围内根系长度分布均有显著影响; NO-3-N浓度的变化对坝莜3号根系吸氮量有显著影响,对坝莜9号和200215根系吸氮量的影响不显著; 根系NO-3吸收流量的动态变化与侧根数量变化有一致性; NO-3平均吸收流量与总根长、 平均直径及根系平均直径≤0.16 mm的细根在根系中所占比例的变化一致。【结论】不同NO-3-N供应浓度主要影响燕麦苗期侧根(直径≤0.16 mm的细根)的形成和生长,对根系NO-3吸收流量的影响因品种而异; 根系NO-3吸收流量的变化主要受总根长、 根系平均直径及细根在根系中所占比例的影响。     

杉木根系对不同磷斑块浓度与异质分布的阶段性响应

【目的】对杉木根系在异质供磷(P)条件下的觅磷行为进行动态监测,探讨磷斑块的浓度与其异质分布对杉木根系觅磷行为的影响。【方法】以福建漳平五一国有林场的半同胞杉木家系为试验材料,利用垂直异质供磷装置,设置KH2PO4 0 mg/kg(缺磷,P0)、4 mg/kg(低磷,P4)、16 mg/kg(正常供磷,P16)和30 mg/kg(高磷,P30)4个磷浓度斑块,将其按照不同顺序垂直排列构建异质供磷处理。在生长50、100、150 d时,进行3次破坏性取样,测定不同阶段不同异质供磷处理下杉木根系形态、生物量及觅磷效率的变化,进行杉木根系生长及觅磷行为的动态观测。【结果】杉木根系表现出阶段性的觅磷策略: 1)当杉木根系处于表层缺磷或低磷斑块时,通过根系的增生向供磷量更高的斑块觅磷,根系增生促进了缺磷或低磷斑块根系的干物质积累,但其根系含磷量较低; 至处理中期,表层缺磷处理的根系从缺磷斑块生长至低磷斑块后,杉木根系受低磷胁迫持续大量增生; 而当表层低磷处理的根系从低磷斑块生长至高磷斑块后,根系在高磷斑块内大量增生,且促进了根系磷养分的吸收及干物质的积累; 处理末期,当高磷斑块置于最底层时,其斑块内的根系生长量、 干物质积累量及根系含磷量均明显较大。2)当杉木根系处在表层高磷斑块时,根系初期仅在供磷量较高的表层生长,其根系生长量与干物质积累量均低于表层供磷量较低的处理,但其根系含磷量却显著大于表层供磷量较低的处理; 处理中期及末期,表层的根系生长量、 干物质积累量及根系含磷量均显著大于其他层次,且表层充足供磷处理的根系向地生长速度最快。【结论】异质供磷条件下,当杉木根系处在缺磷或低磷斑块时,主要通过根系的大量增生来寻觅磷养分; 当杉木根系处在高磷斑块时,在初期致力于斑块磷养分的吸收之后,表层根系大量增生,且根系的磷养分吸收和干物质积累显著大于其他层次,同时提高根系向地生长速度。