2种高山杜鹃扦插繁殖条件的优化

【目的】选择适合高山杜鹃扦插繁殖的条件,为高山杜鹃在园林生产中的应用及产业化发展提供技术支持。【方法】以秀雅杜鹃和美容杜鹃生长健壮、饱满无病虫害的当年生半木质化枝条为材料,设置基质类型(珍珠岩(V1),蛭石(V2),珍珠岩、蛭石、泥炭土体积比1∶1∶1(V3),蛭石、泥炭土体积比1∶1(V4),珍珠岩、泥炭土体积比1∶1(V5))、生根剂种类(清水(CK),吲哚乙酸(IBA,C1),萘乙酸(NAA, C2),NAA和IBA体积比3∶1(C3), NAA和IBA体积比3∶1+2,4-二氯苯氧乙酸(2,4-D)(C4))、处理时间(1,2,3,4 h)、插穗类型(枝条的基端、中端和顶端)处理,研究各处理对杜鹃插穗生根率、最长根长和生根数的影响。【结果】秀雅杜鹃在珍珠岩、蛭石、泥炭土体积比为1∶1∶1的基质中生根效果最好,300 mg/L NAA和IBA体积比3∶1处理下生根率最高,达55.5%;美容杜鹃在珍珠岩、泥炭土体积比为1∶1的基质中扦插效果最佳,在200 mg/L IBA处理下插穗生根指标最好,生根率高达61.1%。2种杜鹃均以200 mg/L IBA+300 mg/L NAA处理...     

Cu、Zn制剂对油橄榄容器苗生长和根系的影响

[目的]针对油橄榄容器苗存在主根较为粗大、须根极少、根系盘绕等现象开展化学制剂控根试验,找出适宜油橄榄容器苗的化学控根试剂,从而解决根系畸形导致的油橄榄苗木质量差等问题。[方法]采用4种不同浓度的CuSO_4制剂及ZnSO_4制剂对油橄榄2年生容器苗进行控根试验,测定苗高、地径及地上部、下部生物量,通过根系扫描仪分析根系生长特点,探讨各项生长指标以及生理指标对控根效果的影响。[结果]显示:(1)20 g·L~(-1)和60 g·L~(-1)的Cu制剂可提高容器苗的地上部分生长量;60 g·L~(-1)和200 g·L~(-1)的Cu制剂可显著增加生物量的积累。(2)200 g·L~(-1)的Cu制剂对苗木新根着生效果最为显著;120 g·L~(-1)的Cu制剂对根系的直径、表面积和体积有良好的促进作用;而不同ZnSO_4控根制剂处理对苗木侧根的各指标产生抑制作用。(3)枝条生长量与侧根长度呈显著正相关性;地径、枝条生长量与侧根表面积呈极显著正相关关系。(4)120 g·L~(-1)的Cu制剂处理后叶片的可溶性蛋白质含量最高,Cu制剂浓度为20 g·L~(-1)时,叶片的叶绿素含量增加。[结论]试验发现质量浓度为120 g·L~(-1)和200g·L~(-1)CuSO_4制剂控根效果良好,可运用于实际生产。     

Uptake and fate of triticonazole applied as seed treatment to spring wheat (Triticum aestivum L.)

Following seed treatment of wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) with ¹⁴C-labelled triticonazole at a dose of 1·8 g kg^-1 seed, the uptake of radioactivity by shoots and roots was investigated from the two- to three-leaf stage up to the beginning of the booting phase, 80 days after sowing. Triticonazole equivalents taken up by wheat plants reached 5·7% and 14·6% of the applied dose in the shoots and the roots, respectively. Between the two- to three-leaf stage and the beginning of the booting phase, the concentration of triticonazole equivalents in the shoots decreased from 2·5 to 0·15 μg g^-1 fresh weight. This was attributed to uptake of triticonazole by roots not keeping pace with shoot growth and increased retention in the roots of triticonazole taken up. The main factor limiting the uptake of triticonazole by the roots may be the rapid growth of the uptake-active apical root parts out of the dressing zone which had formed in the soil. Distribution of triticonazole equivalents taken up by the main shoot showed a decreasing concentration gradient from the oldest to the youngest leaf. An increase in the seed treatment dose was investigated as a way to increase the concentration of triticonazole in the shoots, but its influence remained limited. © 1998 SCI     

土壤带状湿润均匀性对膜下滴灌棉花生长及水分利用效率的影响

为探明膜下土壤带状湿润均匀性在膜下滴灌技术应用中的重要性,该文设置滴头流量1.69(W169)、3.46(W346)和6.33 L/h(W633)3种土壤湿润区处理,研究不同膜下土壤带状湿润均匀性对棉花行间土壤基质势、株高、叶面积、根系生长、籽棉产量和水分利用效率的影响。结果表明:随着土壤湿润区由窄深型(W169)向宽浅型(W633)过渡,膜下土壤带状湿润均匀性越好,行间棉花根系分布和植株生长也愈加均匀、产量及水分利用效率也越高。窄深型土壤湿润区的膜下内、边行棉花根长密度、籽棉理论总产和实际总产差值分别为386.3 m/m3、976和509.3 kg/hm2,其水分利用效率分别为7.2和14.8 kg/(mm·hm2)。宽浅型土壤湿润区的膜下内、边行棉花根长密度、籽棉理论总产和实际总产差值分别为142.01 m/m3、171和190.6 kg/hm2,其水分利用效率分别为9.2和11.0 kg/(mm·hm2)。初步证明了宽浅型土壤湿润区能在保持水分利用效率不降低的情况下,显著提高了棉花产量。表明在膜下滴灌技术设计中应关注膜下土壤带状湿润均匀性指标。该指标还是确定滴灌带间距依据。     

番茄辣椒微型根系形态原位采集系统设计与实现

为实时获取浅根系作物的根系生长形态,设计了一种可用于多点测量的微型根系形态实时原位采集系统。系统主要由微型摄像头和光学放大元件等组成(体积1.5cm3),采集的图像通过无线模块发送至终端。采用基于区域生长的根系图像分析方法,以腐蚀图像为出发点,膨胀图像为终止点,结合相似性准则进行区域生长、区域标记和区域保留,来滤除土壤孔隙和杂质等对图像产生的干扰,从而提取根系轮廓,并通过图像形态学计算得到根长密度、根系平均直径等形态参数。以此系统采集樱桃番茄、辣椒根系形态参数,试验结果表明,根系长度测定值的绝对误差不超过1.5 mm,相对误差不超过5.3%;根系平均直径绝对误差不超过0.09 mm,相对误差不超过6.7%。与土壤采样法测定值相比,在0～10、10～20、20～30和30～40 cm 4个土壤层内2种测定方法根系平均直径决定系数R20.87(P0.01),根长密度在30 cm深度以内的土壤层决定系数R20.81(P0.01)。证明本文设计的微型根系形态实时原位采集系统具有较高的准确性,可用于浅根系作物形态的多点观测。     

一株溶磷菌对盐地碱蓬修复盐渍土Cd污染的促进效应

为提高盐渍土Cd污染植物修复效率,探讨溶磷菌对盐地碱蓬生长和镉提取效果的影响,采用浸根法收集水培(含2%NaCl)盐地碱蓬的根系分泌物,将其作为唯一碳源培养5株具有Cd活化能力的溶磷菌并依据细菌OD值绘制生长曲线。挑选繁殖速度较快且溶磷和活化Cd能力显著性强(P0.05)的大肠埃希菌(Escherichia)在3个NaCl浓度(0.3、6、12 g·L~(-1))处理下,采用摇瓶实验研究该条件下大肠埃希菌对Ca_3(PO_4)_2和CdCO_3的溶解效应及代谢产物变化。进一步采用Cd平均含量为1.37 mg·kg~(-1)的污灌菜园土,在3个外源NaCl浓度(0、4、8 g·kg~(-1))处理下,利用盆栽实验研究大肠埃希菌对盐地碱蓬修复盐渍土Cd污染的促进效应。结果显示:随盐分增加(0.3、6、12 g·L~(-1)),菌株平均绝对溶磷量(扣除不接菌对照值)分别为80.19、78.79、77.54 mg·L~(-1),平均绝对活化Cd量依次为17.84、17.30、19.73 mg·L~(-1),说明盐分的增加没有阻碍菌株的溶磷功能,且随盐分的增强,可促进Cd的活化。不同盐分下菌株的代谢物组成有明显变化,0.3、6、12 g·L~(-1)盐分处理下菌株分泌的有机酸分别为5、10、13种,分泌的氨基酸分别为4、8、8种。其中缬氨酸的量随盐分增加显著增加(P0.05)。盆栽实验中,4 g·kg~(-1)盐分胁迫下,接菌处理的生物量和根际土壤溶液Cd含量较不接菌对照显著增加(P0.05),Cd总活化量平均增加3.17倍,全量和DTPA提取态Cd富集系数平均提高260%。综上,盐分胁迫下大肠埃希菌可正常生长并促进盐地碱蓬Cd富集。     

超旱生常绿灌木沙冬青的组织培养技术研究

沙冬青是濒危的第三纪孑遗植物,也是中国北方干旱半荒漠地区惟一的常绿阔叶灌木,具有很好的抗逆基因资源。为了探索在不影响沙冬青正常生长的情况下,开展其组织培养技术研究,首先将消毒的沙冬青种子在含有1/2MS固体培养基的培养皿中发芽和培育无菌苗;然后将无菌苗部分侧根附着在培养基表面,发现培养基表面生长的侧根能被诱导形成大量带有根毛的短侧根;相比传统的外植体组织培养技术,主要利用毛状侧根作为幼嫩外植体,结果在CDB1(MS 1.0 mg/L 2,4-D 0.1 mg/L 6-BA,pH 5.8)培养基上能诱导愈伤组织形成,并在CDB6（MS 0.2 mg/L IBA 0.1 mg/L KT 0.5 mg/L GA3,pH 5.8)培养基上能对愈伤组织进行继代与扩繁。与此同时,研究发现沙冬青具有腋芽生长特性,以及沙冬青幼苗在RA(1/2MS 0.5 mg/L IBA,pH 5.8)培养基可以诱导大量不定根的形成。以上研究发现将有利于在保护沙冬青有限种质资源的前提下,开展沙冬青的无性繁殖和组织培养研究,以及沙冬青种质保护与生态应用。     

棉隆与生物有机肥协同防治芹菜根腐病及其对根际土壤微生物数量的影响

本研究测定土壤消毒剂棉隆熏蒸与生物有机肥协同处理芹菜根腐病高发的芹菜地后,对芹菜根腐病的防治效果及根际土壤微生物变化的影响。结果表明,未经过土壤处理的芹菜地栽培60d后,芹菜根腐病发病率为29.03%,经过棉隆和生物菌肥协同处理后,对芹菜根腐病防效高达95.14%。土壤处理后不同时间采样测定发现土壤真菌、细菌的种类和数量显著低于未处理土壤,随着定植时间的延长土壤微生物得到复壮,微生物群落数量和未处理土壤相近。因此,说明棉隆对芹菜根腐病具有显著的防治效果,与生物有机肥协同应用,可以维持土壤微生物结构,对土传病害的可持续控制具有重要的意义。     

2种草本植物根系对崩岗洪积扇土壤分离的影响

为探讨草本植物根系对崩岗洪积扇土壤分离的影响,以宽叶雀稗(Paspalum wettsteinii)和巨菌草(Pennisetumsp.)为研究对象,采用变坡水槽冲刷试验,研究种植草本植物后土壤分离的变化特征及影响因素。结果表明:各土层平均土壤分离速率大小为裸地(69.93g/(s·m2))宽叶雀稗(57.42g/(s·m2))巨菌草(43.28g/(s·m2)),且不同植被土壤分离速率均随着土层的加深呈幂函数增加;根长密度是影响土壤分离最重要的根系指标,宽叶雀稗小区土壤分离速率随各根系参数指标的增大呈对数函数下降,而巨菌草区则表现为幂函数下降,体现了不同植被根系构型对土壤分离效应的差异;2种草地土壤分离速率可以用水流剪切力、土壤抗剪强度和根长密度很好的模拟(NSE≥0.90)。研究结果可为崩岗治理措施的配置提供科学依据。     

Timely supplemental irrigation changed nitrogen use of wheat by regulating root vertical distribution

Crop nitrogen (N) uptake depends on the root absorption area and the soil N availability which are closely related to the soil water status. With the increasing water shortages in the North China Plain, supplemental irrigation (SI) to winter wheat is a promising technique. To clarify the relationships between water and nitrogen use, four SI regimes in Tritcum aestivum L. cv. Jimai 22 were set up: no‐irrigation after emergence (T1), SI at jointing and anthesis (T2), SI at sowing, jointing and anthesis (T3), and SI at pre‐wintering, jointing and anthesis (T4). The results indicate that T2 had higher root length density (RLD) and root surface area density (RAD) in the 0–20, 60–80, and 80–100 cm soil layers, as well as higher post‐anthesis N uptake from soil by 23–26% in 2012–2013 and 162–177% in 2013–2014, compared to T3 and T4. The grain yield under T2 was lower than T3 but was not significantly different from T4, whereas its water use efficiency (WUE) was higher relative to both T3 and T4. There were no significant differences among T2, T3, and T4 in N use efficiency (NUE). The N uptake after jointing and WUE were positively correlated with the RLD and RAD in the 0–20 cm soil layer. The NUE was positively correlated with the RLD and RAD in the 20–40 cm soil layer. These results indicate that timely SI at jointing and anthesis was dependent on a suitable water supply at sowing, which increased the soil water content in the upper soil layer after jointing and improved the absorption area of the roots in both the deep and surface soil layers; this further improved the post‐anthesis N uptake from the soil and the WUE. This approach can be a valuable way to maintain high grain yields and NUE in winter wheat while using less irrigation and achieving higher WUE in the North China Plain.