死活相克原理与“菌根遗毒”假说──视解杉木连栽引起地力衰退之谜

根据多年的实践观察，应用“死活相克”原理，提出“菌根遗毒”的假说，剖析杉木连栽引起地力衰退问题的一些原因，这将对该问题认识的深入与解决有一定的促进作用。     

The growth of roots of perennial, Italian, hybrid and annual ryegrasses through a high-strength root medium

Abstract A test for root penetration through a wax disc of known hardness was developed and used with twenty‐five cultivars and twenty‐one breeding lines of perennial, Italian, hybrid and annual ryegrasses. After 42 days, the number of roots reaching the wax disc and the number penetrating the disc were counted. Root diameters were measured using image analysis. The proportion of root penetrations ranged from 0·06 to 0·39 across the cultivars and breeding lines, with substantial variation between replicates and cultivars. Diploid perennial cultivars had the thinnest roots, and there were no consistent differences in root diameter between perennial breeding lines, hybrid ryegrasses and Italian ryegrasses. Roots that penetrated the wax disc increased in diameter, by 0·60 on average, a few millimetres above the wax, and through the wax disc. Diameters below the wax disc were the same as those above the zone of impeded root growth. The increase was caused by an increase in size of the parenchyma cells of the root cortex. An experiment with partially and completely impeded root growth showed that impedance did not change root diameter of new roots, or the distribution of root mass between impeded and unimpeded halves of a root system for plants up to 10 weeks old.     

黄瓜自根苗、嫁接苗根系活力、净光合速率和蛋白质表达差异研究

将黄瓜津优1号、津优1号与黑子南瓜的嫁接苗和黑子南瓜种在网室中的消毒泥炭钵内,用LI-6400光合系统和2D-E电泳技术分析了这3种处理的根系活力、净光合速率和蛋白质的表达差异。结果表明,黑子南瓜的根系活力强于嫁接苗黄瓜,嫁接苗黄瓜的根系活力又强于自根苗黄瓜。在光量子通量密度低于500μmol.m-2.s-1时,嫁接黄瓜和黑子南瓜的净光合速率高于自根苗黄瓜,当光通量子密度超过500μmol.m-2.s-1后,嫁接黄瓜和黑子南瓜的净光合速率则低于自根苗黄瓜。当CO2浓度低于400μmol.mol-1时,嫁接黄瓜与自根苗的光合速率相当,CO2浓度超过400μmol.mol-1后,嫁接黄瓜的光合速率超过了自根苗。黑子南瓜的光合速率在50~600μmol.mol-1的CO2浓度范围内最高,然后下降,并间于嫁接黄瓜和自根苗黄瓜之间。嫁接的津优1号黄瓜有5个蛋白质的表达量增强了,同时也产生了5个新的蛋白质。     

利用碳14研究杉木苗根系分泌物

对１年生杉木苗进行二氧化碳１４喂饲，同时收集苗木根系分泌的有机物质，用液闪技术进行测定。结果表明：杉木苗的光合产物在标记１ｄ后就有１．０６％运输入根部组织中，３ｄ后则为４．９０％；２０ｄ近达到２４．０４％。二氧化碳１４喂饲一结束根系就有碳１４分泌物产生；３－５ｄ后分泌量达到最高峰，以后逐渐减少。对分泌物进行分离测定表明，其中糖类占３９．５３％，有机酸占１３．８０，氨基酸占５．４５％。     

Relationship of Root and Shoot Characters in Parent, F1 and F2 Populations of Rice

The direct and indirect contributions of root characters — root length, roots/plant, fresh and dry root weight on grain yield/plant were worked out from a 7 × 7 diallel set of rice hybrids. The materials were grown in pots with four replications. Path analysis was done at genotypic level of correlation.
The grain yield/plant showed positive correlation with all the root characters in parent, F₁ and F₂ except with roots/plant in F₁ population. Fresh root weight demonstrated positive direct effect on grain yield/plant in all the three generations. Roots/plant had highly positive direct effect in F₂. Direct effects were negative in respect of root length and dry root weight in F₂ generation.     

常系数线性齐次递归关系的研究

本研究建立了常系数线性齐次递归关系的数学模型及求解理论。     

Grain Yield and Drought Resistance Indices of Oat Cultivars in Field Rain Shelter and Laboratory Experiments

Oat cultivars (n = 22) varying in origin were examined in laboratory and field tests at Svalöv and Ultuna, Sweden, in 1985 and 1986. Comparisons were made between drought resistance characteristics of juvenile plants and drought responses in yield of crops grown in field. By using automatic, movable rain shelters in combination with drip irrigation systems, both high and low irrigation regimes could be effected in the field experiments.
Black oat cultivars were more stable under water deficiency conditions, particularly on sandy soil. They possessed the highest drought resistance indices both in the laboratory and field. Modern white oat cultivars were found to be most drought sensitive.
Drought resistance index (DRI) and seminal root length (RL), as assessed in seedling stage, were strongly correlated with field drought susceptibility index (S). It is suggested that DRI and RL could be used as selection criteria to increase drought resistance of oats.     

Elongation Rate of Wheat Root Axes

The elongation rate of seminal root axes for two wheat ( Triticum aestivum L.) genotypes (one gene dwarf Sonalika RR-21 and three gene dwarf UP 301 ) grown in pots under three fluctuating soil water tension regimes of 0.3 to 0.8, 2.0 to 2.5 and 4.0 to 4.5 bars was measured throughout the growing period.
Two distinct peaks were observed for both genotypes. The first peak of highest elongation rate (25.0 to 35.5 mm day⁻¹) for both genotypes occurred during 22–28 days after planting which corresponds to the crown root initiation stage of the crop. The second lower peak (11.2 to 14.5 mm day⁻¹) occurred during 49–60 days after planting for Sonalika RR-21 but 60–72 days for UP 301. The time of occurrence of second peak corresponds to the stem elongation stage.
The elongation rate of root axes differed significantly for different stages and genotypes but when considered over the whole growing season, soil water tension regimes showed no effect. Over a period of 72 days from planting, average elongation rate ranged from 11.3 to 12.7 mm day⁻¹. The elongation rate of root axes bore no consistent relationship with either mean air or soil temperature at 5 and 15 cm depths that prevailed during crop growth period.     

Vergleich von Methoden zur Bestimmung der Wurzellängendichte bei Kulturpflanzen

Comparison of methods to determine the root length density of crops
In this paper, in a first step a comparison of the soil core or monolith method with the profile wall method was undertaken with data obtained for sugar beets.
Results show that differences between both methods, expressed as a factor, decline destinctly during the vegetation period. This means that the calibration of the profile wall method with the help of a time independent, average factor cannot be recommended.
In a second step, we compared the monolith method with a new procedure to estimate root growth.
Results for a soil derived from loess show that values measured and estimated correspond very well, while for a sandy soil, there was only a satisfactory correspondence.
The comparison led to the conclusion, that in field work the monolith method should be preferred to the profile wall method, and the root growth estimation procedure is available alternative to determine the root length density of cereals.     

Occurrence and distribution of <Emphasis Type="Italic">Phytophthora</Emphasis> species in European chestnut stands,and their association with Ink Disease and crown decline

The Phytophthora complex associated with Castanea sativa Mill. was investigated in five European countries in 35 regions and with respect to various domestication levels. Annual precipitation and length of drought season were the main parameters that regulated the presence of Phytophthora species in the chestnut stands. Seven species of Phytophthora were detected; three of these, P. megasperma, P. cryptogea and P. syringae had not been previously reported on sweet chestnut. P. cinnamomi. P. cambivora and P. citricola were most frequently isolated. P. cinnamomi and P. cambivora were the species significantly associated with declining trees with symptoms of Ink Disease. P. cinnamomirequired distinct ecological conditions compared to the other species. P. cinnamomi was never detected in sites characterized by minimum temperatures below 1.4 °C, maximum temperature above 28 °C, or soil pH below 5.4. The results obtained provide useful information for modeling the probability of Ink Disease, crown decline and associated Phytophthora species in chestnut groves in global climatic change scenarios.