河南省小麦根腐线虫病的发生危害及病原鉴定

为明确河南省小麦根腐线虫病的发生危害情况及其病原线虫种类,对14个县(市)45个采样点小麦根腐线虫进行了分离调查,分别通过人工接种测定其致病性和杀线剂处理研究其危害性,并采用形态学和分子生物学方法鉴定其病原。结果显示:小麦根腐线虫在河南省的分布具有一定的区域性,中北部的10个县(市)34个沙质土壤采样点均分离出小麦根腐线虫,而在南部土壤粘重地区的小麦根内和土壤中均没有分离出根腐线虫;15%涕灭威颗粒剂处理土壤后小麦的穗粒数、千粒重和单位面积产量较对照明显上升,产量增加13.6%;该线虫能够侵染小麦,并明显抑制小麦生长;河南省小麦根腐线虫以敏捷短体线虫Pratylenchus agilis为主。     

Use of real-time PCR to examine the relationship between disease severity in pea and <Emphasis Type="Italic">Aphanomyces euteiches</Emphasis> DNA content in roots

Aphanomyces euteiches causes severe root rot of peas. Resistance is limited in commercial pea cultivars. Real-time fluorescent PCR assay specific for A. euteiches was used to study the relationship between disease severity and pathogen DNA content in infected peas. Five pea genotypes ranging in levels of resistance were inoculated with five isolates of A. euteiches. Plants were visually rated for disease development and the amount of pathogen DNA in roots was determined using the PCR assay. The susceptible genotypes Genie, DSP and Bolero tended to have significantly more disease and more pathogen DNA than the resistant genotypes 90-2079 and PI 180693. PI 180693 consistently had less disease, while 90-2079 had the lowest amount of pathogen DNA. The Spearman correlation between pathogen DNA quantity and disease development was positive and significant (P < 0.05) for three isolates, but was not significant for two other isolates. This suggests that the real-time PCR assay may have limited application as a selection tool for resistance in pea to A. euteiches. Its utility as a selection tool would be dependent on the correlation between disease development and pathogen DNA content for a given pathogen isolate. The accuracy and specificity of the real-time PCR assay suggests considerable application for the assay in the study of mechanisms of disease resistance and the study of microbial population dynamics in plants.     

防治烟草根黑腐病拮抗芽孢菌株的筛选

由基生根串珠霉菌(Thielaviopsis basicola)引起的烟草根黑腐病是烟草生产上重要根部真菌病害,近年在我国烟草种植区有加重危害的趋势,目前防治措施主要依赖化学药剂,给卷烟卫生带来一系列问题[1].探索该病生物防治途径,克服农药残留和病原菌抗药性十分重要.芽孢杆菌是土壤和植物微生态区系的优势生物种群,具有优良生防特性[2],采用芽孢杆菌作为烟草根黑腐病生防因子尚未见报道.本研究从烟草根际土壤中分离筛选对烟草根黑腐病病菌有较强拮抗作用的芽孢菌株,研究其抑菌活性、控病作用及其分类学地位.     

Allelopathy in crop/weed interactions--an update

Since varietal differences in allelopathy of crops against weeds were discovered in the 1970s, much research has documented the potential that allelopathic crops offer for integrated weed management with substantially reduced herbicide rates. Research groups worldwide have identified several crop species possessing potent allelopathic interference mediated by root exudation of allelochemicals. Rice, wheat, barley and sorghum have attracted most attention. Past research focused on germplasm screening for elite allelopathic cultivars and the identification of the allelochemicals involved. Based on this, traditional breeding efforts were initiated in rice and wheat to breed agronomically acceptable, weed-suppressive cultivars with improved allelopathic interference. Promising suppressive crosses are under investigation. Molecular approaches have elucidated the genetics of allelopathy by QTL mapping which associated the trait in rice and wheat with several chromosomes and suggested the involvement of several allelochemicals. Potentially important compounds that are constitutively secreted from roots have been identified in all crop species under investigation. Biosynthesis and exudation of these metabolites follow a distinct temporal pattern and can be induced by biotic and abiotic factors. The current state of knowledge suggests that allelopathy involves fluctuating mixtures of allelochemicals and their metabolites as regulated by genotype and developmental stage of the producing plant, environment, cultivation and signalling effects, as well as the chemical or microbial turnover of compounds in the rhizosphere. Functional genomics is being applied to identify genes involved in biosynthesis of several identified allelochemicals, providing the potential to improve allelopathy by molecular breeding. The dynamics of crop allelopathy, inducible processes and plant signalling is gaining growing attention; however, future research should also consider allelochemical release mechanisms, persistence, selectivity and modes of action, as well as consequences of improved crop allelopathy on plant physiology, the environment and management strategies. Creation of weed-suppressive cultivars with improved allelopathic interference is still a challenge, but traditional breeding or biotechnology should pave the way.     

山东省小麦根腐病病原菌的分离鉴定

为明确山东省小麦根腐病的病原菌种类,于2012—2014年从山东省10个地市采集小麦病株,通过组织分离法获得了185株分离物,利用形态学鉴定方法,结合基于5.8S r DNA-ITS序列或TEF-1α基因序列分析的分子鉴定方法对分离物进行了鉴定。结果表明:分离物中共得到135株麦根腐平脐蠕孢Bipolaris sorokiniana,占分离病原菌总数的72.97%,属优势种群;50株镰孢属Fusarium菌株,其中14株尖孢镰孢菌Fusarium oxysporum、19株层出镰孢菌Fusarium proliferatum和17株黄色镰孢菌Fusarium culmorum;按照柯赫氏法则进行致病性测定,证实了4种病原菌对鲁麦21号具有致病性,麦根腐平脐蠕孢的致病力较强,病情指数显著高于镰孢菌属真菌。研究表明,山东小麦根腐病主要是由麦根腐平脐蠕孢和镰孢属真菌侵染引起的,麦根腐平脐蠕孢为优势菌群。     

Soil solarization as a substitute for methyl bromide fumigation in greenhouse tomato production in Cyprus

Preplant soil fumigation with methyl bromide (MB) is presently standard practice in greenhouse tomato production. Since this compound is scheduled to be phased out by 2005, the possibility of using solarization as an alternative soil disinfestation method was examined in four greenhouse tomato trials. Solarization was applied for 8 weeks in July-August, using transparent polyethylene sheets for soil mulching, and compared with MB fumigation applied in September, before planting, at 80 g/m². Solarization raised the maximum soil temperature by 9°C and reduced the population density ofFusarium spp. in soil by 91–98%. Similar reductions of soil inoculum (95–99%) were obtained with MB fumigation. Both methods provided effective control of Fusarium wilt, Verticillium wilt and corky root rot on tomato plants. MB fumigation was in addition highly effective against root-knot nematodes, whereas nematode control with solarization did not exceed 50%. Both treatments resulted in similar fruit yield increases, ranging within 90–140% compared with plants grown in untreated soil. During the second cropping season following soil treatment, solarization exhibited two times higher residual effectiveness against vascular wilt diseases compared with MB fumigation. The latter treatment, however, was superior to solarization in its residual effectiveness against root-knot nematodes and to a lesser extent against corky root rot. Fruit yields from solarized and MB-fumigated soil during the second cropping season were higher than those obtained from untreated soil by approximately 35% and 60%, respectively. In Cyprus, solarization appears to be an effective alternative to MB fumigation in greenhouse tomato production, especially if integrated with other approaches enabling more effective nematode control.     

滴水量对新大豆27号根系生长及产量的影响

为揭示滴水量对超高产大豆根系生长的影响规律,设置975 m3·hm-2(W1)、1 575 m3·hm-2(W2)、2175 m3·hm-2(W3)、2 775 m3·hm-2(W4)4种滴水处理,对各处理0~100 cm土层含水量、新大豆27号根系干重、侧根长和产量进行测定分析。结果表明:随着滴水量的增加,0~40 cm土层的含水量增加;0~20 cm土层根干重密度和侧根长密度增幅最大,20~40 cm土层增幅其次;增加生育中后期0~80 cm土层总根干重和总侧根长,鼓粒初期W2、W3、W4处理的根干重分别较W1增加14.2%、30.4%、41.1%,侧根长分别较W1增加17.4%、25.7%、40.3%;提高0~40 cm土层根系活力,增加根系伤流量,提高水分利用效率,W3、W4鼓粒初期0~80 cm土层根干重分别为88.6、95.8 g·m-2,侧根长为432.4~482.9 m·m-2,产量分别为6 082.6 kg·hm-2、6 404.7 kg·hm-2,水分利用效率为1.30左右。新疆伊宁地区大豆的适宜滴水量为2 175~2 775 m3·hm-2。     

东北春玉米不同发育期干旱胁迫对根系生长的影响

分别在玉米拔节期(BJ)和抽雄期(CX)进行水分胁迫试验,利用微根管技术观测不同发育期干旱过程中根分布动态,并利用根分布模型模拟相关参数(d_(50)和d_(95):累积根比例分别为50%和95%的土层深度),对不同干旱胁迫处理的土壤湿度、根系分布及相关参数时空动态特征进行分析。结果表明:水分控制后的土壤湿度在130cm以上基本达到预期干旱效果,即BJ和CX处理在控水时段0~100 cm土层土壤相对湿度都降至40%以下,但深层土壤湿度并未受到水分控制影响;拔节和抽雄期干旱胁迫条件下,根长密度(RLD)最大值分别为2.18±0.89cm·cm~(-3)和2.10±0.47 cm·cm~(-3),所在土壤深度为60 cm,对照(CK)RLD最大值为1.24±0.77 cm·cm~(-3),所在深度为40 cm,CK和BJ处理的RLD在最大值深度以下随土层深度增加而减小,CX处理的RLD在80 cm以下仍保持较大值;BJ和CX比CK的d50分别增大45%和59%,d95分别增大8%和41%,证明玉米根系因干旱胁迫而向深层土壤生长。     

Variable response of open-pollinated seedling progeny of avocado to Phytophthora root rot

Phytophthora root rot, caused byPhytophthora cinnamomi Rands, is the most important disease of avocado (Persea americana Miller). In an attempt to identify root rot-resistant rootstocks that could ultimately be used under conditions in southern Florida, we screened open-pollinated progeny of avocado from the National Germplasm Repository in Miami. From 1996 to 1998, a total of 2,355 seedlings from 51 accessions were examined in potting mix artificially infested withP. cinnamomi. Most seedlings developed severe root rot, but tolerance was observed in some families (i.e., progeny of certain accessions). Although the most susceptible families developed mean disease ratings of up to 97% root necrosis, mean ratings for the most tolerant families were less than 60%. There was also a strong relationship between the racial background of the female parent and the tolerance of seedlings. Seedlings of the West Indian race and hybrids between it and the Guatemalan race were significantly more tolerant than those from other parents (P< 0.05). Individuals in several families developed < 50% root necrosis, the arbitrary standard of tolerance in this study. Twelve families accounted for 82% (188 of 229) of the tolerant seedlings, and only two of these did not have a West Indian or Guatemalan × West Indian pedigree. Broad-sense heritability for PRR tolerance was 0.45. This is the first report on the inheritance of PRR tolerance in avocado and on the influence of genotype and racial pedigree under controlled conditions.