Effects of post-silking water deficit on the leaf photosynthesis and senescence of waxy maize

Waxy maize is widely cultivated under rainfed conditions and frequently suffers water shortage during the late growth stage. In this study, a pot trial was conducted to examine the effects of post-silking drought on leaf photosynthesis and senescence and its influence on grain yield. Two waxy maize hybrids, Suyunuo 5(SYN5) and Yunuo 7(YN7), were grown under the control and drought(soil moisture content was 70–80% and 50–60%, respectively) conditions after silking in 2016 and 2017. The decrease in yield was 11.1 and 15.4% for YN7 and SYN5, respectively, owing to the decreased grain weight and number. Post-silking dry matter accumulation was reduced by 27.2% in YN7 and 26.3% in SYN5. The contribution rate of pre-silking photoassimilates transferred to grain yield was increased by 15.6% in YN7 and 10.2% in SYN5, respectively. Post-silking drought increased the malondialdehyde content, but decreased the contents of water, soluble protein, chlorophyll, and carotenoid in the leaves. The weakened activities of enzymes involved in photosynthesis(ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate carboxylase and phosphoenolpyruvate carboxylase) and antioxidant system(catalase, superoxide dismutase and peroxidase) reduced the photosynthetic rate(P_n) and accelerated leaf senescence. The correlation results indicated that reduced Pn and catalase activity and increased malondialdehyde content under drought conditions induced the decrease of post-silking photoassimilates deposition, ultimately resulted in the grain yield loss.     

Potential Anti-Aging Substances Derived from Seaweeds

Aging is a major risk factor for many chronic diseases, such as cancer, cardiovascular disease, and diabetes. The exact mechanisms underlying the aging process are not fully elucidated. However, a growing body of evidence suggests that several pathways, such as sirtuin, AMP-activated protein kinase, insulin-like growth factor, autophagy, and nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 play critical roles in regulating aging. Furthermore, genetic or dietary interventions of these pathways can extend lifespan by delaying the aging process. Seaweeds are a food source rich in many nutrients, including fibers, polyunsaturated fatty acids, vitamins, minerals, and other bioactive compounds. The health benefits of seaweeds include, but are not limited to, antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and anti-obese activities. Interestingly, a body of studies shows that some seaweed-derived extracts or isolated compounds, can modulate these aging-regulating pathways or even extend lifespans of various animal models. However, few such studies have been conducted on higher animals or even humans. In this review, we focused on potential anti-aging bioactive substances in seaweeds that have been studied in cells and animals mainly based on their anti-aging cellular and molecular mechanisms.     

袋栽黑木耳菌包困菌出耳的技术误区分析

本文针对黑木耳袋料栽培工艺中的困菌出耳技术误区进行了剖析,分析了该误区现状及产生原因,并提出了相应的对策,以期为科学袋栽黑木耳提供参考。     

大豆叶片衰老QTL的初步定位

 【目的】叶片衰老是植物的一个发育性状，对植物体内营养再分配与光合作用有重要影响。【方法】利用2套重组自交系群体进行大豆叶片衰老QTL的初步定位，并进行与产量性状的相关分析。【结果】在C1、D1b+W和O连锁群上检测到3个与大豆叶片衰老有关的QTL，可解释表型变异的5.8%～13.7%。除NJ(SP)BN群体熟期与叶片衰老相关程度较低外，两个RIL群体中生物学产量、籽粒产量、株高和熟期与叶片衰老间均存在显著或极显著的正相关；而收获指数与叶片衰老间一个群体为极显著负相关，另一个群体则表现为极显著正相关。【结论】在大豆育种中，针对延迟叶片衰老选育出的材料有时仅能提高收获指数，这样的材料往往产量潜力不高。     

灌浆成熟期温度对稻米品质及有关生理生化特性的影响

1987年在湖南农学院分早、中、晚三季研究灌浆成熟期温度对稻米品质及有关生理生化特性的影响,结果表明:a.茎、鞘、叶的总淀粉和粗蛋白质含量快速减少,籽粒总淀粉和蛋白质积累快,直链淀粉和蛋白质含量升高,淀粉酶和蛋白酶浓度提高,气温大于35℃时淀粉酶和蛋白酶的活性则更高,可溶性糖在灌浆成熟后期增加,温度在30～35℃范围内,Q酶活性最高,籽粒直链淀粉减少。b.灌浆成熟期温度提高,籽粒灌浆速率增大,时间缩短,谷粒物质致密度差,容重下降,垩白指数增大,胶稠度变硬,糊化温度上升。此外,还探讨了稻米品质形成的气候生态生理机制。     

月季切花衰老与含水量、膜脂过氧化及保护酶活性的关系

研究月季品种萨蔓莎切花衰老过程中含水量、鲜重、保护酶活性的变化情况和膜脂过氧化水平．结果表明：花瓣含水量、鲜重和可溶性蛋白的质量分数在瓶插前期先升高, ４ ｄ 后迅速下降;瓶插过程中,细胞膜相对透性增加,过氧化物酶活性迅速上升,过氧化氢酶和超氧物歧化酶活性前２ 天上升后接着迅速下降．失水和膜脂过氧化水平的增加是月季切花衰老的主要生理原因     

干旱胁迫对番茄活性氧代谢的影响

干旱胁迫导致番茄叶片ＲＷＣ、Ｃｈｌ和可溶性蛋白质含量下降，质膜透性和ＡＴＰａｓｅ活性提高．短期干旱胁迫可提高叶片ＳＯＤ和ＣＡＴ活性．４ｄ以内的干旱胁迫后复水，ＲＷＣ、Ｃｈｌ和可溶性蛋白质含量升高，清除活性氧保护酶ＳＯＤ、ＰＯＤ和ＣＡＴ的活性显著提高，抗氧化物质ＡｓＡ和ＧＳＨ的水平得到恢复，ＭＤＡ得到清除，自动氧化速率降低，重新建立了活性氧产生与清除的平衡系统，ＡＴＰａｓｅ活性降低，膜系统的损伤得到修复，透性降低，恢复了原有正常的生理代谢机能．长期干旱胁迫导致叶片清除活性氧的平衡体系受到破坏，ＳＯＤ、ＰＯＤ和ＣＡＴ活性以及ＡｓＡ和ＧＳＨ的含量下降，膜脂过氧化加剧，自动氧化速率提高，ＭＤＡ积累，影响番茄正常代谢，从而加速衰老进程     

精胺对离体小麦叶片过氧化物酶活性的影响

离体小麦叶片在暗处叶绿素迅速分解，过氧化物酶活性升高，精胺处理可以延缓叶绿素降解并且降低过氧化物酶的活性。过氧化物酶同工酶的聚丙烯酸胺凝胶电泳结果显示，衰老叶片除保持原有的３条同工酶活性外，还出现１条新的同工酶，该酶活性随时间延长而上升。精胺处理则一直无此酶的出现。另外，随精胺处理时间的延长，有两条同工酶活性不断降低，另一条基本保持不变。根据过氧化物酶在植物体中的作用，推测精胺保绿作用的机理与精胺抑制过氧化物酶活性或降低过氧化物酶活性有关。     

美味猕猴桃果实后熟过程中主要品质指标的变化

研究了不同贮藏温度下美味猕猴桃果实后熟过程中主要品质指标的变化。在 0℃条件下 ,果实内的Vc、可滴定酸、可溶性固形物和总糖含量变化很小 ,硬度随着贮藏期的延长缓慢下降 ;在 2 0℃条件下 ,短期内果实品质变化较大 ,硬度也下降迅速 ;低温 (0℃ )可显著延缓果实品质的变化。