南方早熟砂梨缺镁黄叶症诊断与矫治

通过对福建省德化县早熟砂梨“黄叶病株”及“正常植株”叶片及土壤的营养诊断分析：黄叶病株叶片平均含镁量0.131%,极显著低于正常植株0.328%;黄叶症较重的果园土壤交换态镁含量低12.6～24.5㎎/㎏及土壤酸性强pH3.6～4.5,诊断结论砂梨叶片黄化现象为镁素缺乏所致。矫治试验效果,叶面喷施1%硝酸镁3次,可以叶色转绿;12月份土壤基施钙镁磷肥株1.3 kg,翌年5月份后有明显矫治效果。     

不同衰老类型小麦品种在衰老过程中光合特性的变化

以衰老类型不同的两个小麦品种鲁麦L14和935031为材料,研究了不同衰老类型小麦品种在衰老的过程中光合特性的变化。结果表明:自开花至成熟期,鲁麦L14小麦叶片光合速率、叶绿素含量、可溶性蛋白含量及光能转化效率的下降速度均明显快于小麦品种935031,但是各相关参数降低的起始时间不同,自开花后30 d鲁麦L14的叶片已经开始干枯,而935031小麦品种到成熟时大部分叶片还保持绿色,说明小麦叶片早衰与光合能力的下降有密切关系。     

杂交棉叶片衰老特点及高产生理机制研究

在大田条件下,研究了杂交棉生育后期主茎倒3叶的衰老、抗衰老生理指标及叶片光合性能的变化特点.结果表明,豫杂35和中棉29与中棉19相比较,主茎叶的叶绿素含量高,随叶龄增加下降慢;叶片生长前期气孔导度大,生长后期叶片中SOD和POD活性高、MDA含量低、PSⅡ实际光化学效率(ФPSⅡ)大,光合速率高而且随叶龄增加下降缓慢.3个品种的最大光化学效率(Fv/Fm)和实际光化学效率(ФPSⅡ)的日变化均表现为倒抛物线型,但是豫杂35和中棉29的日变化曲线平缓、中午下降幅度小,对强光利用能力强.     

Effects of post-silking water deficit on the leaf photosynthesis and senescence of waxy maize

Waxy maize is widely cultivated under rainfed conditions and frequently suffers water shortage during the late growth stage. In this study, a pot trial was conducted to examine the effects of post-silking drought on leaf photosynthesis and senescence and its influence on grain yield. Two waxy maize hybrids, Suyunuo 5(SYN5) and Yunuo 7(YN7), were grown under the control and drought(soil moisture content was 70–80% and 50–60%, respectively) conditions after silking in 2016 and 2017. The decrease in yield was 11.1 and 15.4% for YN7 and SYN5, respectively, owing to the decreased grain weight and number. Post-silking dry matter accumulation was reduced by 27.2% in YN7 and 26.3% in SYN5. The contribution rate of pre-silking photoassimilates transferred to grain yield was increased by 15.6% in YN7 and 10.2% in SYN5, respectively. Post-silking drought increased the malondialdehyde content, but decreased the contents of water, soluble protein, chlorophyll, and carotenoid in the leaves. The weakened activities of enzymes involved in photosynthesis(ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate carboxylase and phosphoenolpyruvate carboxylase) and antioxidant system(catalase, superoxide dismutase and peroxidase) reduced the photosynthetic rate(P_n) and accelerated leaf senescence. The correlation results indicated that reduced Pn and catalase activity and increased malondialdehyde content under drought conditions induced the decrease of post-silking photoassimilates deposition, ultimately resulted in the grain yield loss.     

Potential Anti-Aging Substances Derived from Seaweeds

Aging is a major risk factor for many chronic diseases, such as cancer, cardiovascular disease, and diabetes. The exact mechanisms underlying the aging process are not fully elucidated. However, a growing body of evidence suggests that several pathways, such as sirtuin, AMP-activated protein kinase, insulin-like growth factor, autophagy, and nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 play critical roles in regulating aging. Furthermore, genetic or dietary interventions of these pathways can extend lifespan by delaying the aging process. Seaweeds are a food source rich in many nutrients, including fibers, polyunsaturated fatty acids, vitamins, minerals, and other bioactive compounds. The health benefits of seaweeds include, but are not limited to, antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and anti-obese activities. Interestingly, a body of studies shows that some seaweed-derived extracts or isolated compounds, can modulate these aging-regulating pathways or even extend lifespans of various animal models. However, few such studies have been conducted on higher animals or even humans. In this review, we focused on potential anti-aging bioactive substances in seaweeds that have been studied in cells and animals mainly based on their anti-aging cellular and molecular mechanisms.     

活性氧调控果实发育成熟的研究进展

活性氧(reactive oxygen species,ROS)存在于整个植物生长发育过程,一旦积累过多会导致氧化应激反应,但是适度的氧化胁迫有利于果实成熟。本文对活性氧影响果实成熟的生理机制,活性氧与激素互作调控果实成熟的机理,活性氧调控果实成熟的分子机制,以及活性氧与钙离子调控采后果实后熟等相关研究进展进行了总结和评述,旨在通过总结活性氧直接或间接调控果实衰老成熟的研究进展,为今后利用活性氧调控果实成熟提供理论依据和参考。     

袋栽黑木耳菌包困菌出耳的技术误区分析

本文针对黑木耳袋料栽培工艺中的困菌出耳技术误区进行了剖析,分析了该误区现状及产生原因,并提出了相应的对策,以期为科学袋栽黑木耳提供参考。     

地膜覆盖栽培对春小麦叶片衰老特性的影响

为了揭示春小麦在地膜栽培条件下是否早衰的问题,采用管栽模拟试验的方法,研究了地膜覆盖和露地栽培条件下春小麦叶片的叶绿素、蛋白质、叶片丙二醛(M DA)含量和细胞质膜相对透性的变化。结果表明,采用地膜覆盖栽培方法,在春小麦生长前期能明显提高叶片叶绿素和蛋白质的含量(日均增加量分别比露地春小麦高31.49%和7.94%),但后期又会加速其降解速率;M DA含量和细胞质膜相对透性均表现为覆膜处理高于露地处理(日均增加量分别比露地春小麦高71.96%~11.78%和2.42%~9.57%)。说明覆膜栽培可使春小麦提前进入正常衰老阶段,但由于其增温、保湿等效应,使春小麦生长量增加,穗粒数和穗粒重比露地春小麦提高22.95%和27.68%,表现出良好的增产效应。     

HXKs基因在香蕉果实后熟过程中功能初探

香蕉是世界主要水果之一,对乙烯非常敏感,属于呼吸跃变型果实。目前,香蕉果实后熟机理还未完全探明,后熟过程中己糖激酶(HXK)与乙烯的关系还不清楚。通过BLAST比对从香蕉基因组数据库中发现HXK基因家族的11个成员,经克隆获得这些基因的序列,并研究HXKs基因在香蕉果实自然后熟过程中的转录表达谱,重点研究乙烯利、甘露糖、NAG和1-MCP对HXKs基因表达、HXK酶活和内源乙烯生物合成的影响。结果表明:在香蕉果实后熟过程中HXKs基因呈现差异性表达,乙烯利上调大多数HXKs基因的表达和HXK酶活,1-MCP的作用正好相反,这表明外源乙烯正作用于HXK。另一方面,甘露糖加快内源乙烯生物合成,NAG却推迟内源乙烯生物合成,这说明HXK正作用于内源乙烯生物合成。所以,在香蕉果实后熟过程中乙烯和HXK之间存在相互促进的关系。这将为进一步阐明香蕉果实后熟机制提供理论依据,也将为香蕉果实保鲜新技术的挖掘提供新思路。     

超高产水稻开花结实期间叶片衰老与活性氧代谢的关系

 对超高产水稻培矮64S/9311和协优9308从抽穗到籽粒成熟过程中剑叶中H2O2 、膜脂过氧化产物丙二醛（MDA）、组织自动氧化速率、脂氧合酶（LOX）及保护酶超氧物歧化酶(SOD)、过氧化氢酶(CAT)、过氧化物酶（POD）和抗坏血酸过氧化物酶（ASP）的动态变化过程进行了测定。结果表明，协优9308的剑叶衰老较慢。2个材料的剑叶叶片衰老可能原因是叶片内SOD、CAT、ASP活性过早下降，LOX活性增加，进而导致膜脂过氧化，使活性氧代谢失调，引起叶绿素和蛋白质降解，培矮64S/9311的各项生理指标比协优9308早衰老，而且乳熟期是培矮64S/9311早衰的关键时期。