Effects of fishing pressure and trophic group on abundance and spillover across boundaries of a no-take zone

We investigated factors influencing fish abundance and emigration across the boundaries of a no-take zone (NTZ), and its adjacent fished zones, within the Nabq Managed Resource Protected Area, South Sinai, Egyptian Red Sea. Underwater visual census of eight families of reef fish was undertaken at three depths across the whole NTZ (1.2 km), and for a similar distance into the adjacent fished zones. Because most fishing occurs in shallow water, the effect of the NTZ changed with depth. On reef flat transects (1 m depth), seven families showed significantly higher abundance in the NTZ, whereas at 10 m depth only two herbivorous families, Acanthuridae (surgeonfishes) and Siganidae (rabbitfishes) showed a significant difference, both being more abundant in the fished zones, an effect most likely due to reduced competition or predation. To look for evidence of emigration (spillover) of fish from the NTZ, data were also tested for evidence of gradients in abundance extending from within the NTZ to within the fished zones. In shallow water six families showed significant declines in abundance moving away from the centre of the NTZ, whereas at 10 m, the only significant gradients were for acanthurids and siganids, both becoming more abundant moving further into the fished zones. Comparisons of estimated fish length between areas also showed significant differences. The results indicate that at Nabq, while fishing reduces the abundance of most families, especially predators, abundance of some families and species, especially herbivores, may increase under light fishing pressure. Thus, spillover may occur to an extent and in a direction depending on trophic group and fishing intensity.     

影响亚热带东部森林结构的因子分析

利用第五次全国资源清查的部分数据，在我国亚热带东部地区构造了一条以温度为主要驱动的，长约750km、宽约100km，地跨安徽、江西、浙江、福建、广东五省的平行四边形样带，通过对样带内863块样地的胸径变异系数和有关林分因子、环境因子之间的相关分析，确定了不同因子对林分结构的影响程度，其中，林分的平均胸径对林分结构的影响最显著，林分密度、海拔高度、坡度、经纬度、土壤厚度等对林分结构也有影响。这些因子最多能够解释整个样带林分结构变化的35％。     

长湖草/藻型湖区浮游植物群落结构特征及其与环境因子的关系

长湖是湖北省第三大淡水湖泊,对维持长江中游地区生态平衡发挥着重要作用。为研究长湖草型湖区和藻型湖区浮游植物群落结构特征及其与环境因子的关系,于2020年4、7、10月和2021年1月对长湖进行了调查与分析。结果表明,草型湖区和藻型湖区分别鉴定出浮游植物80种和91种,以绿藻门种类数最多,分别为38种和50种。两类湖区均以小球藻属（Chlorella sp.）和小环藻属（Cyclotella sp.）为主要优势种。草型湖区和藻型湖区浮游植物丰度变化范围分别为0.59×107~2.34×107 cells/L和0.73×107~3.06×107 cells/L,生物量变化范围分别为8.98~18.48 mg/L和 0.08~21.40 mg/L。藻型湖区多样性指数略高于草型湖区,两湖区水质整体介于轻污染到中污染之间。冗余分析（RDA）结果显示,草型湖区浮游植物优势种主要受水温（WT）、溶解氧（DO）、总氮（TN）、总磷（TP）和水位（WL）影响,藻型湖区主要受DO、TN、氮磷比（N/P）和WL影响。研究可为长湖水生态系统的监测和管理提供科学依据。     

基于空间变异理论的地表覆被时空变化监测方法

本研究将吉林西部作为研究区域,基于空间统计分析方法,以R语言为平台,编写了逐像元计算的变异分析算法,将变程作为分析变量并以影像数据形式输出,得出地表覆被时序变化的区域性特点:1)本研究区地表覆被的时序变化具有明显的区域性。镇赉县(研究区北部)地表覆被的变程(13~14.5个旬值,195~220 d)明显低于通榆县(研究区南部)的地表覆被变程(15~16个旬值,225~240 d);2)时序变化因地表植被覆盖度的不同而发生改变。镇赉县的地表覆被生长变化更有规律,通榆县的地表覆被生长变化状况相对复杂,波动振幅较大;3)湿地这类特殊的地表植被类型在变异分析中具有特殊的变程。湿地是小变程数值(小于12个旬值,180 d)集中分布的区域,值域范围与周围其他不同植被覆盖度的变程有明显区分。本研究用半方差函数提取了地表植被的物候信息,分析了地表覆盖的时空分布特点,希望能为基于时间序列数据的遥感分类解译研究提供新的分析方法和研究思路。     

2000—2013年北部湾海岸带蒸散量时空动态特征

基于北部湾海岸带2000—2013年MOD16蒸散发(ET)数据和植被类型数据,借助于Theil-Sen中值趋势分析、Mann-Kendall检验以及Hurst指数等数理统计方法对海岸带蒸散量的时空变化特征进行定量分析,并在此基础上对蒸散量的未来变化趋势进行预测。结果表明:时间尺度上,2000—2013年北部湾海岸带蒸散量呈波动增加趋势,增速为1.41 mm/a,高于广西桂南地区,海岸东岸蒸散量增速快于全区,而丘陵地区和海岸西岸地区增速慢于全区。季节蒸散量由大到小排序为:夏季(111.88 mm)、秋季(93.45 mm)、春季(85.57 mm)、冬季(47.98 mm),分别占年内蒸散量的33.01%、27.58%、25.25%和14.16%;空间尺度上,蒸散量自东北—西南中心线呈现海岸带西岸年均蒸散量高于海岸带东岸,东南地带年均蒸散量达到全年最小值的态势,ET_sen趋势度介于-50.93~51.76 mm/a,海岸带蒸散量在空间上呈现出减小的趋势;空间波动性上,海岸带蒸散量的变异系数较大,其值介于0.02~0.39。海岸带中部以及东南部蒸散量处于高波动状态,而海岸带西岸和西北部处于低波动状态,其中合浦县的南流江三角洲蒸散量的波动性最大;未来变化趋势上,海岸带蒸散量Hurst指数的范围为0.25~0.93,平均值为0.68,呈现单峰右偏分布,Hurst指数反持续序列(7.58%)小于持续性序列(92.42%),说明研究区ET未来变化呈持续性减小的趋势。     

Promise and pitfalls of modeling grassland soil moisture in a free-air CO2 enrichment experiment (BioCON) using the SHAW model

Free-air carbon dioxide (CO₂) enrichment (FACE) experiments provide an opportunity to test models of heat and water flow under novel, controlled situations and eventually allow use of these models for hypothesis evaluation. This study assesses whether the United States Department of Agriculture SHAW (Simultaneous Heat and Water) numerical model of vertical one-dimensional soil water flow across the soil-plant-atmosphere continuum is able to adequately represent and explain the effects of increasing atmospheric CO₂ on soil moisture dynamics in temperate grasslands. Observations in a FACE experiment, the BioCON (Biodiversity, CO₂, and Nitrogen) experiment, in Minnesota, USA, were compared with results of vertical soil moisture distribution. Three scenarios represented by different plots were assessed: bare, vegetated with ambient CO₂, and similarly vegetated with high CO₂. From the simulations, the bare plot soil was generally the wettest, followed by a drier high-CO₂ vegetated plot, and the ambient CO₂ plot was the driest. The SHAW simulations adequately reproduced the expected behavior and showed that vegetation and atmospheric CO₂ concentration significantly affected soil moisture dynamics. The differences in modeled soil moisture amongst the plots were largely due to transpiration, which was low with high CO₂. However, the modeled soil moisture only modestly reproduced the observations. Thus, while SHAW is able to replicate and help broadly explain soil moisture dynamics in a FACE experiment, its application for point- and time-specific simulations of soil moisture needs further scrutiny. The typical design of a FACE experiment makes the experimental observations challenging to model with a one-dimensional distributed model. In addition, FACE instrumentation and monitoring will need improvement in order to be a useful platform for robust model testing. Only after this can we recommend that models such as SHAW are adequate for process interpretation of datasets from FACE experiments or for hypothesis testing.     

我国专属经济区管理现状分析

我国通过立法确立了专属经济区法律制度和地位,在专属经济区立法、执法、资源勘探养护、渔业管理、航运管理、海洋科技、海洋环境生态保护等方面进行了大量实践。主要介绍了我国专属经济区立法、执法、管理机构、渔业资源管理、海洋环境保护、海洋科学研究等方面的实践,并探讨了这些方面存在的问题。为提高我国专属经济区管理水平,更好地保障海洋权益,我国应加强争议岛礁和区域的管理和实际控制;尽快完善相关的法律法规;完善专属经济区管理体制;加强执法队伍建设,推进海上执法力量统一;着力推进海洋科技事业发展和海洋资源利用与养护。     

新疆富蕴地震断裂带植被恢复对土壤古菌群落的影响

选取新疆富蕴地震断裂带8种次生植物根际土壤,以同土层裸地为对照,测量土壤化学性质,利用末端限制性片段长度多态性技术研究塌陷区次生植物对土壤古菌群落的影响.结果表明,多数植物根际土壤养分显著(P＜0.05)高于对照,其主要古菌类群为泉古菌门(Crenarchaeota)和广古菌门(Euryarchaeota),群落间多样性差异大,相似性低.不同植物根际土壤古菌的优势类群数量差异较大,鼠掌老鹳草高达18种,西北绢蒿少为2种.典范对应分析表明,土壤有机质含量对古菌优势类群分布影响最大(Hha Ⅰ酶切:r=0.94;Rsa l酶切:r=0.74),速效磷含量与古菌群落各多样性指数呈显著正相关(P＜0.05),总氮含量与均匀度指数E呈显著正相关(P＜0.05).新疆地震断裂带植被的恢复可影响根际土壤古菌群落的分布、组成和结构,其原因与植物根际土壤化学性质有关,同时在改善土壤肥力方面也有显著效果.     

宁夏盐池县四儿滩湿地交错带判定及变化分析

根据生态交错带变化对周围环境变化具有一定指示作用的原理,利用游动分割窗技术对宁夏盐池四儿滩湿地交错带进行判定,并结合样方植被调查、生物多样性指数、降雨量等因素分析了交错带变化情况。结果表明,游动分割窗技术适用于四儿滩湿地交错带判定,适宜窗口宽度为8个样方;2006—2013年的交错带判定结果发现,2007年湿地宽度最大,距湿地中心距离最远,健康状况最好。之后几年各项指数呈逐年下降趋势,湿地健康状况逐年变差,其变差的原因是2008年高铁建设截断了湿地上游水源补给。因此,在注重经济发展的同时,要尽量少破坏地表径流系统,以利于湿地长远发展。研究表明,在西北半干旱区湿地健康评价和退化研究中,通过交错带的变化来反映整个湿地生态系统健康状况是一种可行的思路和方法。