实施保护性耕作对保护黑土带的效应

采用保护性耕作措施及其以根茬留田为主要的技术环节,论证了根茬留田的保土肥田效应。垄作少耕、根茬留田可以减轻水土流失,保护黑土层不受侵蚀,特别是干旱春季保墒效果良好,有利于一次播种保全苗,同时发挥着未腐解有机物的培肥效应;增强土壤生物活性,更新土壤中已渐老化的腐殖质,提高土壤保肥供肥性能,保持和增进地力。     

包气带土壤pH对灌溉施肥响应的变异过程

为了分析灌溉施肥活动引起的包气带土壤pH值变异特征及其对地球化学条件的响应,通过历时3 a的野外原位灌溉施肥试验,应用不同季节灌前、灌后6 m土层中不同深度的测定资料,系统分析了土壤pH对灌溉、施肥的响应过程,结果表明：各深度pH值呈弱变异性（CV=1.01%~2.28%）,与灌溉前相比,灌后土壤pH值的均值和变异系数均呈现明显的变化;灌前包气带各层pH具有强烈的空间自相关性,灌后受水分、基质等相互作用影响,pH的空间自相关性有所减弱,C₀/(C₀+C)和变程a分别由7.23 m和3.54 m(灌前0 d)减少到3.26 m和2.76 m(灌后第10天)。土壤基质是决定土壤酸碱性的主要因素,在灌溉施肥活动对pH的响应过程中,地球化学条件（土壤含水量、土壤温度、土壤有机质(SOM)、氧化还原电位（RP）等)、土壤基质组成和氮底物浓度（NH⁺₄-N）等的交互作用影响pH的动态。土壤含水量和温度单独对pH影响不显著,两者交互作用对pH有显著影响。引起土壤pH变化的主要变异源为Cl^-、土壤有机质(SOM)、NO^-₃-N、NH⁺₄-N等营养物质和不同空间深度土壤基质的差异,表明灌溉施肥改变了包气带pH地球化学动力场、营养物质和土壤基质的交互作用,引起各深度的生物地球化学反应,控制pH值的空间变异特性。当包气带介质土壤水分变化时,首先营养物氨态氮以分子态或水合态形式被介质吸附,H⁺得到释放,使得灌后第4天pH值下降。随着氨氧化过程中H⁺的释放,pH在灌前和灌后第10天和第30天有显著差异。氨的氧化引起硝酸盐含量不断增加,使得硝酸盐对pH值的影响在灌后不断增强,相关系数由0.24(0 d,P<0.05)增加到0.41(30 d,P<0.01),而氨态氮对pH值的影响逐步降低,相关系数由0.43(0 d,P<0.01)降低为0.19(30 d,P>0.05)。     

青藏高原高寒荒漠地带与寒冷干旱核心区域

青藏高原高寒荒漠地带位于高原主体西北部地势最高的部分。该区域气候极其寒冷干燥,属于高原亚寒带,高山高原地貌多被横向断陷盆地所切割;多年冻土发育,冰缘作用普遍;自然过程年青,高山寒漠土壤浅薄;生物区系成分交错,高寒荒漠景观突出;生态环境脆弱,需加大自然保护建设与管理。高寒荒漠地带腹地为寒冷干旱核心区域,是全球高原高山区域,具有独特地位的地生态格局。     

渔山列岛潮间带大型底栖动物的群落结构

于2009年3月的大潮期间对渔山列岛潮间带布设5个断面,进行大型底栖动物调查。结果表明,该海域潮间带采集到大型底栖动物90种,其中腔肠动物3种,多毛类11种,软体动物45种,甲壳类19种,棘皮动物6种,其它6种。潮间带大型底栖动物总平均生物量5307.06g/m2,总平均丰度为2323.20ind/m2。在各类群底栖动...     

Assessing spillover from marine protected areas and its drivers: A meta‐analytical approach

Overfishing may seriously impact fish populations and ecosystems. Marine protected areas (MPAs) are key tools for biodiversity conservation and fisheries management, yet the fisheries benefits remain debateable. Many MPAs include a fully protected area (FPA), restricting all activities, within a partially protected area (PPA) where potentially sustainable activities are permitted. An effective tool for biodiversity conservation, FPAs, can sustain local fisheries via spillover, that is the outward export of individuals from FPAs. Spillover refers to both: “ecological spillover”: outward net emigration of juveniles, subadults and/or adults from the FPA; and “fishery spillover”: the fraction of ecological spillover that directly benefits fishery yields and revenues through fishable biomass. Yet, how common is spillover remains controversial. We present a meta‐analysis of a unique global database covering 23 FPAs worldwide, using published literature and purposely collected field data, to assess the capacity of FPAs to export biomass and whether this response was mediated by specific FPA features (e.g. size, age) or species characteristics (e.g. mobility, economic value). Results show fish biomass and abundance outside FPAs was higher: (a) in locations close to FPA borders (<200 m) than further away (>200 m); (b) for species with a high commercial value; and (c) in the presence of PPA surrounding the FPA. Spillover was slightly higher in FPAs that were larger and older and for more mobile species. Based on the broadest data set compiled to date on marine species ecological spillover beyond FPAs' borders, our work highlights elements that could guide strategies to enhance local fishery management using MPAs.     

枸杞岛海藻场大型底栖无脊椎动物摄食类群研究

随着海洋生态学研究的深入和海洋环境监测的需要,一些传统的研究方法如多样性指数等在评价大型底栖生物群落结构变化时显得说服力不足,而摄食功能群的研究越来越受到重视。本实验根据2012年8月对浙江枸杞岛海藻场大型底栖无脊椎动物的调查实验,分析该海域夏季大型底栖无脊椎动物摄食类群的组成、空间及数量分布,并进行相关生态评价。结果表明,枸杞岛海藻场夏季大型底栖无脊椎动物组成以肉食者和滤食者占较大优势,食碎屑者、植食者和食底泥者次之,杂食者最少;肉食者的优势种为布尔小笔螺、寄居蟹、扁平管帽螺、甲虫螺和四齿矶蟹等,滤食者的优势种为条纹隔贻贝、带偏顶蛤、短石蛏和布氏蚶等,植食者的优势种为钩虾、单一丽口螺和锈凹螺等;各摄食类群水平分布较均匀,垂直分布受水深和摄食饵料的限制;基于大型底栖无脊椎动物功能类群的生态参数评价结果表明,枸杞岛海藻场大型底栖无脊椎动物群落健康状态呈虚弱水平,大部分站位大型底栖无脊椎动物群落受到轻度扰动,底栖生态质量状况较好。     

三峡水库小江流域消落区土壤的理化性状

2009年5月、7月和9月对小江流域上游至下游消落区的5个断面的土壤理化性状进行监测。结果表明,土壤容重、孔隙度、pH、有机质、全氮和全磷的总体平均值分别为1.47g/cm3、45%、7.33、16.42g/kg、0.79g/kg和0.59g/kg,变化范围分别为1.15～1.68g/cm3、37.0%～61.0%、4.04～8.72、6.64～35.69g/kg、0.40～1.42g/kg和0.36～0.94g/kg。高程150m处的土壤容重均值在7月下降、9月增加,160m处的土壤容重均值在7月增加较多,9月变化不大;不同高程处的孔隙度均值变化与土壤容重变化呈相反的变化趋势;高程160m处土壤有机质在7月有所下降,9月变化不大;各高程土壤全氮和全磷总体呈7月升高、9月下降趋势。并对消落区土壤理化性状变化的影响因素进行了初步分析。     

浙江六横岛泥滩潮间带大型底栖动物的群落特征

本文分析了浙江六横岛泥滩潮间带大型底栖动物的种类组成、数量分布和多样性指数等群落特征。3个泥滩潮间带断面调查采获的大型底栖动物共有19种,其中软体动物10种,节肢动物6种,脊索动物2种,环节动物1种。3个泥滩潮间带断面总平均生物量为470.77±314.32 g/m2, 总平均栖息密度为480±248 ind./m2。在各类群底栖动物中,平均生物量及密度都以软体动物居首位。六横岛潮间带大型底栖动物的Shannon-Wiener多样性指数、Margalef丰富度指数和Pielou均匀度指数的分布范围分别在1.97-2.14、1.45-1.67和0.83-0.95,平均值分别为2.06±0.08、1.53±0.12和0.90±0.06。六横潮间带大型底栖动物ABC曲线分析表明底栖动物群落已受到一定程度的污染扰动。     

三峡水库消落区植物群落结构及其季节性变化规律

为揭示三峡水库消落区出露期间植物群落结构特征的季节性变化规律,于2017年4、6和98月,设置了15个调查样地,并根据高程将消落区分为145~155 m、156~165 m和166~175 m等3个区域,并设置未水淹区域（高程176~-185 m）为对照。结果表明,消落区出露时间显著影响着植物群落的组成,随着出露时间的延长,消落区植物群落优势种及其优势度变化规律因植物的生活型不同呈现出相反的变化规律。从4月至8月,优势植物狗牙根、牛鞭草、喜旱莲子草等多年生草本植物优势度下降,鬼针草、苍耳、醴肠、水蓼、野胡萝卜、狗尾草等一年生草本植物优势度增加。而未水淹区植物优势种及其优势度变化规律不会因生活型不同而表现出不同的规律,不同地点的植物群落优势种差异较大,相对来说艾蒿较为优势,其次为小飞蓬。高程也是影响植物群落特征的主要因子,消落区植物群落Shannon-Wiener指数、Margalef指数、Simpson指数、植物高度均值显著低于未水淹区域,随着高程的增加,Shannon-Wiener指数、Margalef指数、Simpson指数生物多样性指数及、植物高度均值呈增加趋势。三峡水库消落区之所以呈现出目前的植物群落分布特征,植物内在的适应机制包括植物本身的冬季耐水淹能力、夏季抗旱能力、抗病虫害能力以及植物的及其繁殖对策、种源扩散对策等是主因,而外界环境条件,包括消落区土层厚度、地形坡度、土壤基质氮磷等营养盐,以及受水淹持续时间、水淹深度、高程、消落区出露时间等是其主要驱动因子。     

Evaluation of surface water drainage systems for cropping in the Central Highlands of Ethiopia

In Ethiopia vertisols cover about 10% of the total land area and is the fourth most important soil used for crop production, accounting for nearly 23% of the total arable land used for crop production. More than half of the vertisols are found in the Central Highlands of Ethiopia, with an altitude of more than 1500 m above mean sea level. The unique physical and chemical properties of these soils and the high rainfall during the main cropping season create severe surface waterlogging problems which hinder crop production activities. Severe surface waterlogging affects the growth of plants by impeding nutrient uptake and creating oxygen deficiency around the root zone. To address this crop production problem, three surface water drainage methods, namely broad bed and furrow (BBF), ditch, and flat (traditional) methods were evaluated using the water balance of the plant root zone and wheat as a test crop. The experiment was conducted at the Ginchi Research Station in the central highlands of Ethiopia over two consecutive seasons (2000 and 2001). The results showed that both the BBF and the ditch drainage methods gave about 33% and 22% more grain yield than the flat treatment, respectively. However, there were no significant differences between BBF and ditch for both grain and biomass yield during both experimental seasons. During both seasons the total water balance (ΔW_r) at the root zone especially, in the months of June, July and August on all the treatments was higher than the crop water requirement (ETc) and showed no significant difference between the treatments. Thus, the results of this study indicated that the soil water in the root zone was not significantly altered by surface drainage systems and therefore implies the need of further improvement of the different surface drainage methods regarding improving the waterlogging condition and hence the productivity of the vertisols in the Central Highlands of Ethiopia.