重金属迁移与土壤性质的关系

Cu, Zn, Pb and Hg runoff from yellow limestone soil and purple soils and the relationships between the mobility of the heavy metals and the soil characteristics were studied in laboratory using a rainfall simulator. The results showed that the concentrations of soluble Zn in surface runoff were significantly negatively correlated with the contents of < 0.002 mm particles and CEC of the soils, indicating that Zn was mostly adsorbed by clays in the soils. The contents of Cu and Hg in surface runoff were positively related to their contents in the soils. The amounts of Cu, Zn, Pb and Hg removed by surface runoff were influenced by the amounts of soil and water losses and their contents in the soils, and were closely related to the contents of soil particles 1~0.02 mm in size.     

The rehabilitation of an irrigation system along the Yellow River

The People's Victory Irrigation System which diverts water from the Yellow River of China covers a total irrigable area of 59 000 ha. The system encountered some serious problems in the first decade of its operation — salinity and waterlogging of irrigated land, siltation of irrigation and drainage channels, as well as a low efficiency of water use. This paper describes a series of structural and functional measures which have been adopted in the past 24 years for the rehabilitation of the system, including: improvement of the existing drainage system and construction of new drainage system on agricultural land, conjunctive use of surface and groundwater supplies, a comprehensive programme to reduce the levels of siltation as well as the implementation of improved water management practices. A model for the optimal operation of the system by using system analysis theory as an aid in reducing the operation and maintenance (O & M) costs has been developed in recent years. The results are that the soil salinity has been controlled and the agricultural production has increased whilst the efficiency of water use has improved and the siltation levels reduced. Experience gained on this system has been successfully used in developing and managing other irrigation projects along the lower reaches of the Yellow River. The proposed procedure of solving the said optimal model has also embodied some benefits from reducing O & M costs in operation.     

准噶尔盆地地表反照率时空变化特征及其影响因素分析

地表反照率变化影响地表辐射收支与能量平衡,从而对区域和全球气候产生影响.以准噶尔盆地为研究对象,利用MODIS卫星遥感数据产品MOD09A1反演地表短波反照率,结合气象数据和植被指数分析准噶尔盆地2001—2018年荒漠草地地表反照率时空变化特征及其影响因素.结果表明:准噶尔盆地地表反照率空间分布地域差异明显,地表反照...     

1-site/2-pKa表面络合模型预测土壤中Cd2+的吸附及生物有效性

土壤中重金属的生物有效性与其在土壤中的吸附行为密切相关,本研究选取我国9个不同类型的非石灰性土壤,探究了Cd²⁺在土壤中的吸附过程。通过电位滴定获得土壤表面酸碱性质（pK_a1和pK_a2）,基于1-site/2-pK_a模型,使用ECOSAT和FIT拟合得到土壤与Cd²⁺的络合常数（lg K _{（SOCd⁺）}）,结果显示该模型能很好地描述Cd²⁺在土壤中的吸附过程。为了进一步探究土壤性质对Cd吸附固定的影响,通过逐步回归分析了pK_a1、pK_a2、lg K _{（SOCd⁺）}与土壤性质间的关系,发现土壤pH和CEC是pK_a1的主控因子,土壤pH同时也是pK_a2、lg K _{（SOCd⁺）}的主控因子。为了验证模型的可靠性,结合历史文献,基于土壤pH和CEC预测了历史文献中土壤表面酸碱性质和lg K _{（SOCd⁺）},利用得到的参数预测了Cd的吸附过程,发现预测值与实测值之间有很好的相关性,该模型能解释86%的变异。此外,利用回归模型得到的结合常数预测了历史文献中土壤溶液中的Cd含量,发现模型预测的Cd含量与蚯蚓体内Cd含量同样具有很好的相关性,能解释83%的变异。本研究基于Cd²⁺在不同性质土壤中的吸附行为,使用广义复合法建立的表面络合模型可以描述Cd²⁺在非石灰性土壤中的吸附与分配过程。     

2005—2016年中国东海鲐鱼渔场的时空分布及与海表面温度的关联

根据2005—2016年7—9月中国远洋渔业数据中心提供的我国东海鲐鱼捕捞数据,结合关键因子海表面温度(sea surface temperature, SST),计算各年鲐鱼渔场经纬度重心,量化鲐鱼渔场重心的时空变化。进一步分析捕捞努力量在经度、纬度以及SST上的分布规律,并基于聚类法筛选出代表年份,评估异常气候事件对鲐鱼渔场内SST及渔场重心时空分布的影响。研究结果显示,鲐鱼渔场重心具有明显的年际和月间变化,7—9月渔场逐渐向东北方向移动,且主要分布渔场SST为25～28℃。聚类分析将各月份渔场重心分为4类,其中2007和2015年渔场分布具有显著差异。此外,鲐鱼渔场内SST与尼诺指数具有显著的正相关关系,且代表年份2007和2015年分别对应拉尼娜事件和厄尔尼诺事件,当拉尼娜事件发生时,渔场内SST上升,渔场重心逐渐北移;而厄尔尼诺事件发生时,渔场内SST下降,渔场重心主要分布在南部海域。研究表明,中国东海鲐鱼渔场时空分布受到厄尔尼诺和拉尼娜调控的海表面温度变化的显著影响。     

Hydrolysis and Condensation of Silane Agent for Metallic Surface Treatment

Novel surface treatment technique by silane film is developing for metallic anti corrosion and coat improvement. The key points, hydrolysis and condensation, for the stability of the Silane agent(SA) solution is investigated, and the effective factors of stability for silane agent solution and the relative rule are discussed. It is found that stability of SA solution is related to the temperature, pH, solvents, SA concentration and additive by studying the state of the solution and the conductivity-time curve of SA solution. Meanwhile, controlling factors and improving methods for SA stability are proposed to guide the practical application of metallic surface anti-corrosion treatment by SA.     

免耕播种机旋耕刀耕作性能分析与结构优化

为预测和评估免耕播种机触土部件的作业性能,有必要建立机具-土壤耦合系统的互作模型。传统模型将散落土表的秸秆视为刚体,无法模拟真实条件下秸秆的破裂与变形,导致模型的预测精度下降。为克服上述模型不足,该研究建立一种柔性秸秆模型,构建刀具-秸秆-土壤耦合系统的离散元模型,并通过土槽试验进行模型验证。同时,为解决标准旋耕刀片的缠绕和壅堵问题,提出一种梯形直刀结构,对比分析了旋耕作业工况下标准刀和梯形直刀作用后秸秆位移、刀轴扭矩、刀具碎茬与埋茬性能。仿真结果表明,梯形直刀的碎茬和秸秆掩埋性能均优于标准刀,标准刀和梯形直刀作业后开沟截面形状分别为梯形和三角形,刀轴扭矩呈现三角形冲击峰的形式,梯形直刀的刀轴扭矩大于标准刀情形,而标准刀的碎土性能优于梯形直刀。在此基础上,以弯折角、侧面角以及刀片高度为设计变量,采用响应面法构建旋耕扭矩和碎土率的回归方程。基于NSGA-II算法对梯形直刀结构进行优化,最佳的结构参数为：弯折角150°、侧面角60°、刀片高度88 mm。田间试验结果表明,优化后刀轴的平均扭矩较优化前减少11.70%,峰值扭矩减少6.28%,碎土率从82.53%提高至89.22%。     

大沽河湿地表层沉积物重金属分布特征及污染评价

胶州湾属半封闭海湾,水体交换能力较弱,受多条河流入海影响,污染日趋加重,通过大沽河的径流量、输沙量和溶解污染物占到胶州湾入海河流的首位。根据区域特征,于2009年2、5、8、11月对大沽河湿地48个采样点表层沉积物中的Cu、Zn、Pb、Cd、Hg、As、有机碳、粒度进行测定,探讨了重金属含量和污染特征与总有机碳、粒度的关系,利用污染评价法和潜在生态风险评价法进行污染和风险分析。结果表明：胶州湾大沽河湿地表层沉积物重金属含量较低,大部分测站符合海洋沉积物质量（GB 18668—2002）Ⅰ类标准的要求。表层沉积物中Cu、Pb、Zn含量8月份最高、2月份次之、5月份最低。Pb、Hg、As 3种重金属含量在2月份最高。Cu、Pb、Zn和Cd重金属之间存在显著正相关关系,Hg与As存在明显的相关关系;除Cd和As外的4种重金属与沉积物粘土、有机碳含量之间也存在显著正相关性。重金属单因子污染程度总体较轻,属于低污染水平,污染程度依次为Hg〉Cd〉Pb〉Cu〉As〉Zn。大沽河河口区表层沉积物重金属潜在生态风险总体处于较低水平,风险程度依次为Hg〉Cd〉Pb〉Cu〉As〉Zn。     

用星点设计-效应面法优化锥栗总黄酮超声提取工艺

为了优选锥栗中总黄酮的超声提取工艺条件,以乙醇体积分数、提取时间、液固比为试验因素,以锥栗总黄酮的提取率为考察指标,在单因素试验的基础上,采用星点设计–效应面法(CCD-RSM),对锥栗总黄酮的提取工艺条件进行了优化试验。结果表明,锥栗总黄酮的最佳提取工艺条件为:80%乙醇,超声提取20min,固液比为24,提取温度为50℃。按此工艺提取,总黄酮的提取率为0.0685%;且此方法操作简便,结果稳定,预测性良好。     

光合细菌与芽孢杆菌协同净化养殖水体的研究

以光合细菌和芽孢杆菌在一定条件下降解水体CODMn(CODMn=15mg.L-1)的能力为标准,尝试运用响应面实验设计研究光合细菌和芽孢杆菌协同作用时的最佳配比和用量。结果显示,在CODMn=15mg.L-1时,单独使用光合细菌和芽孢杆菌的最佳用量分别是1.75×104和6×104CFU.mL-1,CODMn4d,降解率分别为36.25%和32.14%;2种菌混合时最佳配比用量为1.75×104CFU.mL-16∶.2×104CFU.mL-1,CODMn4d降解率为40.13%。同时,水质净化实验表明,光合细菌对NH4-N有明显降解效果,7d平均相对降解率为17.71%;芽孢杆菌对NO2-N有明显降解效果,7d平均相对降解率为49.88%。而2种细菌混合时对NH4-N和NO2-N的7d平均相对降解率分别达到35.38%和81.05%。这揭示了光合细菌和芽胞杆菌协同作用明显。