不同烤烟种植模式对贵州土壤养分、酶活性及细菌群落结构的影响

贵州是我国第二大烤烟种植省份,为获得更高的经济效益,烟区常采用连作的种植模式。本研究采取大田试验,通过设置4个处理:烤烟连作(T)、白菜-烤烟轮作(C-T)、豌豆-烤烟轮作(P-T)、绿肥-烤烟轮作(GM-T),分析不同烤烟种植模式对贵州土壤养分、酶活性及细菌群落结构的影响。结果表明,烤烟轮作使土壤有机质(SOM)、阳离子交换量(CEC)、全氮(TN)、微生物量碳(MBC)、微生物量氮(MBN)和微生物量磷(MBP)分别提高了0.77%~12.44%、10.78%~38.51%、11.76%~17.65%、10.65%~20.67%、36.58%~160.36%和14.66%~36.21%;土壤中铵态氮(AN)、硝态氮(NN)、有效磷(AP)和速效钾(AK)含量分别降低了1.01%~71.67%、19.29%~24.32%、23.09%~52.21%和6.18%~10.09%。与T处理相比,烤烟轮作提高了土壤脲酶和蔗糖酶活性,提升幅度为12.38%~42.96%和4.00%~22.67%,以GM-T处理效果最佳。同时,烤烟轮作提高了细菌OTU数量,并改变了细菌群落的相对丰度,但未对细菌群落组成产生影响。此外,轮作还增加了土壤中有益细菌类群数量,尤其是杆菌类细菌。冗余分析(RDA)结果显示,MBP是驱动群落变异的主要因子,且与黄杆菌属和褚氏杆菌属呈正相关关系。综上所述,通过烤烟轮作可以均衡土壤养分、改善土壤微环境,以GM-T处理效果最佳。本研究结果可为贵州省烤烟的种植提供理论参考,为解决烤烟连作问题提供技术支撑。     

池塘轮捕轮放高产高效养殖技术

轮捕轮放是提高养鱼产量的重要技术措施.该文介绍了池塘养殖轮捕轮放高产高效养殖技术,包括池塘选择、清塘、配套设备准备、苗种放养、投喂管理、日常管理、病害防治及成鱼收获等,并分析其经济效益.     

目标规划与轮伐公式确定森林收获的比较分析

利用中国林科院热带林业实验研究中心2009年森林资源二类调查数据,分别利用目标线性规划与传统森林轮伐公式计算热林中心马尾松纯林和杉木纯林用材林年采伐量,比较分析同一个经理期（2009—2019年）两种计算方法的不同;结果表明：轮伐公式计算的采伐量一般偏大,且目标规划单位面积年经济收益是轮伐公式获得经济效益的10 20倍。利用目标规划法在同时实现材积收获量最大、出材量最大、净现值收益最大的目标前提下,对森林结构进行调整,使资源分布满足可持续经营的要求,即尽可能达到法正状态。     

宁夏灌区不同类型农田土壤氮素累积与迁移特征

在宁夏灌区选择设施菜田(n=4)和水旱轮作大田(n=4),通过田间多点取样观测和室内分析的方法,研究了2种类型农田土壤氮素累积与分布特点,以及其迁移对浅层地下水的影响。结果表明,设施菜田0~150 cm土壤剖面溶解性总氮(TSN)、硝态氮(NO₃^--N)和溶解性有机氮(SON)含量都显著高于大田,前者分别是后者的1.5~5.6、1.5~3.4倍和1.6~9.8倍。设施菜田土壤氮素主要累积在0~5 cm和5~20 cm土层,而大田主要在40~100 cm土体。设施菜田和大田土壤溶解性总氮占全氮比例分别在5.4%~11.5%和2.2%~4.9%之间,前者的淋失风险较高。设施菜田各形态氮素累积量表现为SON>NO₃^--N>NH₄⁺-N,大田为NO₃^--N>SON>NH₄⁺-N。设施菜田浅层地下水中TSN、NO₃^--N和SON含量也都显著高于大田,前者平均含量分别是后者的9.5、13.8倍和7.0倍。因此,硝态氮和溶解性有机氮都是2种类型农田氮素累积的主要形态,也是浅层地下水污染的重要来源。     

小麦化肥减施与不同轮作方式的周年养分平衡及经济效益分析

[目的]研究小麦化肥减量条件下不同轮作方式土壤养分平衡及经济效益差异,探索适宜陕西关中小麦玉米轮作区的小麦轮作方式,为减少化肥投入,提高农民经济收入提供思路与科学依据.[方法]于2018-2020年在陕西武功镇开展田间试验,随机区组设计.设玉米-小麦轮作农户施肥(CWF)、玉米-小麦轮作推荐施肥(CWR)、绿肥-小麦轮...     

白菜渣对重金属离子铜的吸附研究

采用二次回归正交旋转组合设计,研究白菜渣对重金属铜离子的吸附作用；建立了吸附率对铜离子浓度、白菜渣加入量、溶液pH、吸附温度及吸附时间5个试验因素的正交回归模型.结果表明:Cu2+浓度50 mg/L、菜渣量0.5g、pH 6、温度20℃、时间4h时,吸附率达最大值Ymax=98.11％.回归模型经显著性检验达显著水平,较好拟合了吸附率与各因子之间的关系.     

Vertical distribution, size and composition of the weed seedbank under various tillage and herbicide treatments in a sequence of industrial crops

Investigations were conducted during the 2003, 2004 and 2005 growing seasons in northern Greece to evaluate effects of tillage regime (mouldboard plough, chisel plough and rotary tiller), cropping sequence (continuous cotton, cotton–sugar beet rotation and continuous tobacco) and herbicide treatment on weed seedbank dynamics. Amaranthus spp. and Portulaca oleracea were the most abundant species, ranging from 76% to 89% of total weed seeds found in 0–15 and 15–30 cm soil depths during the 3 years. With the mouldboard plough, 48% and 52% of the weed seedbank was found in the 0–15 and 15–30 cm soil horizons, while approximately 60% was concentrated in the upper 15 cm soil horizon for chisel plough and rotary tillage. Mouldboard ploughing significantly buried more Echinochloa crus‐galli seeds in the 15–30 cm soil horizon compared with the other tillage regimes. Total seedbank (0–30 cm) of P. oleracea was significantly reduced in cotton–sugar beet rotation compared with cotton and tobacco monocultures, while the opposite occurred for E. crus‐galli. Total seed densities of most annual broad‐leaved weed species (Amaranthus spp., P. oleracea, Solanum nigrum) and E. crus‐galli were lower in herbicide treated than in untreated plots. The results suggest that in light textured soils, conventional tillage with herbicide use gradually reduces seed density of small seeded weed species in the top 15 cm over several years. In contrast, crop rotation with the early established sugar beet favours spring‐germinating grass weed species, but also prevents establishment of summer‐germinating weed species by the early developing crop canopy.     

Can conservation tillage mitigate climate change impacts in Mediterranean cereal systems? A soil organic carbon assessment using long term experiments

Simulation models, informed and validated with datasets from long term experiments (LTEs), are considered useful tools to explore the effects of different management strategies on soil organic carbon (SOC) dynamics and evaluate suitable mitigative options for climate change. But, while there are several studies which assessed a better prediction of crop yields using an ensemble of models, no studies are currently available on the evaluation of a model ensemble on SOC stocks. In this study we assessed the advantages of using an ensemble of crop models (APSIM-NWheat, DSSAT, EPIC, SALUS), calibrated and validated with datasets from LTEs, to estimate SOC dynamics. Then we used the mean of the model ensemble to assess the impacts of climate change on SOC stocks under conventional (CT) and conservation tillage practices (NT: No Till; RT: Reduced Tillage). The assessment was completed for two long-term experiment sites (Agugliano – AN and Pisa – PI2 sites) in Italy under rainfed conditions. A durum wheat (Triticum turgidum subsp. durum (Desf.) Husn.) – maize (Zea mays L.) rotation system was evaluated under two different climate scenarios over the periods 1971–2000 (CP: Present Climate) and 2021–2050 (CF: Future Climate), generated by setting up a statistical model based on canonical correlation analysis. Our study showed a decrease of SOC stocks in both sites and tillage systems over CF when compared with CP. At the AN site, CT lost −7.3% and NT −7.9% of SOC stock (0–40 cm) under CF. At the PI2 site, CT lost −4.4% and RT −5.3% of SOC stocks (0–40 cm). Even if conservation tillage systems were more impacted under future scenarios, they were still able to store more SOC than CT, so that these practices can be considered viable options to mitigate climate change. Furthermore, at the AN site, under CF, NT demonstrated an annual increase of 0.4%, the target value suggested by the 4 per thousand initiative launched at the 21st meeting of the Conference of the Parties in Paris. However, RT at the PI2 needs to be coupled with other management strategies, as the introduction of cover crops, to achieve such target.     

Reduced tillage in temperate organic farming: implications for crop management and forage production

To promote conservation tillage in organic farming systems, weed control and ley removal within arable-ley rotations need to be optimized. A long-term field trial was thus established in Frick, Switzerland in 2002 on a clayey soil and with a mean precipitation of 1000 mm/year. The tillage experiment distinguished between conventional tillage with mouldboard ploughing (CT, 15 cm depth) and reduced tillage (RT), including a chisel plough (15 cm) and a stubble cleaner (5 cm). Results of a 2-year grass-clover ley (2006/2007) and silage maize (2008) are presented. Due to dry conditions, mean grass-clover yields were 25% higher in RT than in CT, indicating better water retention of RT soils. Clover cover and mineral contents of the fodder mixture were also higher in RT. The ley was successfully removed in autumn 2007 in RT plots, and a winter pea catch crop was sown before maize. In CT, ploughing took place in spring 2008. Maize yields were 34% higher in RT than in CT, despite a two- to three-fold higher but still tolerable weed infestation. Maize in RT plots benefited from an additional 61.5 kg of easily decomposable organic N/ha incorporated into the soil via the pea mulch. Measurement of arbuscular mycorrhizal colonization of maize roots indicated a similar mechanical disturbance of the topsoil through the reduced ley removal system compared with ploughing. It is suggested that RT is applicable in organic farming, even in arable-ley rotations, but long-term effects need further assessment.