新建本科院校图书馆岗位轮换的实践与探索

介绍了河池学院图书馆岗位轮换情况及取得的积极效果,对新建本科院校图书馆岗位轮换的原则和注意事项进行了探讨。     

洱海北部地区不同轮作农田氮、磷流失特性研究

为明确洱海北部地区不同轮作模式下农田氮、磷流失特性,客观评价环境污染风险。试验在洱海北部地区沿弥苴河和罗时江流域的7个乡镇进行。采用定点取样与实地调研相结合的方法进行多点重复监测,调查不同轮作模式、轮作周期内田面水和沟渠水的氮、磷含量变化情况,研究不同轮作模式下氮、磷污染的负荷及其影响因素。结果表明,田面水中,不同轮作模式下氮素的流失差异显著且以水溶态为主,可溶性氮浓度以大蒜水稻模式最高,油菜水稻模式最低,其它轮作模式居中分布;降雨径流氮流失量以大蒜水稻模式最高。磷素流失总量偏低,且以泥沙结合态为主,轮作模式间无显著差异。田面水质劣于沟渠水,田面水对沟渠水存在不同程度增荷作用;农田水对沟渠水总氮和总磷的增荷率分别为73%和82%,其中追肥是导致农田水对沟渠水增荷的关键因素。本研究中,大蒜水稻是洱海流域农田氮、磷流失风险最高的种植模式;蚕豆水稻比大蒜水稻模式减少氮素流失风险38%。应综合考虑环境效益和经济效益,合理安排种植结构,为洱海流域种植结构调整、控制农田面源污染提供参考。     

黄土高原旱地小麦与豆科绿肥轮作及施氮对小麦产量和籽粒养分的影响

小麦与豆科绿肥轮作和合理施用氮肥对黄土高原旱地缺素地区具有特别重要意义.本试验以夏休闲为对照,比较了小麦与绿豆、大豆、秋豆轮作和氮肥水平(0、108、135、162kg/hm2)对小麦产量和籽粒养分的影响.结果表明,小麦与豆科绿肥轮作,在黄土高原早地受水分限制影响,小麦产量降低9.7%～26.6%;同时,与休闲处理相较...     

穿流转笼式烘干机设计研究

为了解决某些易碎颗粒物料的烘干问题，设计了穿流转笼式烘干机。物料装在转笼内，随着转笼的转动，在重力和内摩擦力的作用下，连续缓慢地交换内外层物料的位置。热风穿过物料层，使物料均匀烘干。比较了敞口式、三段式和栅栏式出风口对风速分布的影响。通过试验表明，栅栏式出风口的轴向风速分布较均匀。并用开口核桃的烘干进行了生产试验，用风温125℃，风量8 511 m³/h，在2 h内将开口核桃的含水率从30%降低到3%，且干湿均匀，品质好，基本无破碎，可满足生产需要。     

改善农学管理措施减少太湖稻麦轮作NH3和NO排放

以稻麦轮作为对象,采用密闭室-通气法和静态箱-化学发光法对太湖地区空白（不施氮肥）、当地常规（农民习惯管理方式）和保产增效（与当地常规相比,改善作物种植、水分和养分管理方式）3个处理下的氨（NH3）挥发和一氧化氮（NO）排放进行田间原位观测,研究保产增效措施对稻麦轮作NH3 挥发和NO排放的综合影响。结果表明,与当地常规相比,保产增效在施氮量减少25%的情况下,总作物产量没有降低,且农学利用率提高了39%;保产增效NH3挥发量在稻季和麦季分别减少了26%和44%;保产增效在稻季NO排放量较低（0.75±0.03 kg N/hm2）,与空白和当地常规均没有显著差异（p<0.05）,在麦季NO排放量则显著降低了49%。因此,保产增效措施不仅能保障高产和提高氮利用率,还能减少NH3和NO排放,值得在太湖地区推广。     

Agronomic Practices at Low Environmental Impact for Durum Wheat in Mediterranean Conditions

The application of conservative agricultural practices such as crop rotation, shallow tillage, and organic fertilizer could usefully sustain crop yield and increase soil fertility, thus playing an important role in the sustainable agriculture. This study was conducted to determine the effects of conservative agronomic practices on yield and quality of wheat. The effects of these practices on soil fertility were further investigated in this four-year study (2005–2008). Two cropping systems, durum wheat in continuous cropping, and in two-year rotation with leguminous crops, were investigated at Foggia (Southern Italy) in rain-fed conditions. Within each cropping system, two levels of crop management were compared: i) conventional, characterized by a higher soil tillage management and mineral fertilizers application; ii) conservative, with a lower soil tillage management and organic-mineral fertilizers. The seasonal weather greatly affected the wheat yield and quality, inducing lower production in years that were characterized by unfavorable climatic conditions. This trend was found when the conventional treatment was applied, both in continuous cropping and rotations. The effects of cropping systems and crop management pointed out the positive role played by the leguminous crops (common vetch and chickpea) in crop rotation. This introduction improved wheat yield in rotation (6.47% compared to the continuous cropping), improved grain protein content (5.88%), and reduced the productive gap between conventional and conservative treatments (9.24 and 14.14% of the wheat in rotation and continuous cropping, respectively). Conversely, the effects of cropping systems and crop management on soil fertility were not very high, since the differences found at the end of the study in total nitrogen values were poor. However, total organic carbon (16.04 and 17.58% for cropping system and crop management, respectively) and available phosphorus values (11.30 and 7.43%) depend on root organic matter contribution, plant biomass residues, and fertilizations. The suitable crop rotation and the sustainable crop management appear important agronomical practices to improve yield and quality of wheat, and may reduce the environmental risks resulting from conventional intensive cropping systems.     

Dryland plant biomass and soil carbon and nitrogen fractions on transient land as influenced by tillage and crop rotation

Soil and crop management practices may alter the quantity, quality, and placement of plant residues that influence soil C and N fractions. We examined the effects of two tillage practices [conventional till (CT) and no-till (NT)] and five crop rotations [continuous spring wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) (CW), spring wheat–fallow (W–F), spring wheat–lentil (Lens culinaris Medic.) (W–L), spring wheat–spring wheat–fallow (W–W–F), and spring wheat–pea (Pisum sativum L.)–fallow (W–P–F)] on transient land previously under 10 years of Conservation Reserve Program (CRP) planting on the amount of plant biomass (stems + leaves) returned to the soil from 1998 to 2003 and soil C and N fractions within the surface 20 cm in March 2004. A continued CRP planting was also included as another treatment for comparing soil C and N fractions. The C and N fractions included soil organic C (SOC), soil total N (STN), microbial biomass C and N (MBC and MBN), potential C and N mineralization (PCM and PNM), and NH₄-N and NO₃-N contents. A field experiment was conducted in a mixture of Scobey clay loam (fine-loamy, mixed, Aridic Argiborolls) and Kevin clay loam (fine, montmorillonitic, Aridic Argiborolls) in Havre, MT, USA. Plant biomass yield varied by crop rotation and year and mean annualized biomass was 45–50% higher in CW and W–F than in W–L. The SOC and PCM were not influenced by treatments. The MBC at 0–5 cm was 26% higher in W–W–F than in W–F. The STN and NO₃-N at 5–20 cm and PNM at 0–5 cm were 17–1206% higher in CT with W–L than in other treatments. Similarly, MBN at 0–5 cm was higher in CT with W–L than in other treatments, except in CT with W–F and W–P–F. Reduction in the length of fallow period increased MBC and MBN but the presence of legumes, such as lentil and pea, in the crop rotation increased soil N fractions. Six years of tillage and crop rotation had minor influence on soil C and N storage between croplands and CRP planting but large differences in active soil C and N fractions.     

RZWQM simulation of long-term crop production, water and nitrogen balances in Northeast Iowa

Agricultural system models are tools to represent and understand major processes and their interactions in agricultural systems. We used the Root Zone Water Quality Model (RZWQM) with 26 years of data from a study near Nashua, IA to evaluate year to year crop yield, water, and N balances. The model was calibrated using data from one 0.4 ha plot and evaluated by comparing simulated values with data from 29 of the 36 plots at the same research site (six were excluded). The dataset contains measured tile flow that varied considerably from plot to plot so we calibrated total tile flow amount by adjusting a lateral hydraulic gradient term for subsurface lateral flow below tiles for each plot. Keeping all other soil and plant parameters constant, RZWQM correctly simulated year to year variations in tile flow (r² = 0.74) and N loading in tile flow (r² = 0.71). Yearly crop yield variation was simulated with less satisfaction (r² = 0.52 for corn and r² = 0.37 for soybean) although the average yields were reasonably simulated. Root mean square errors (RMSE) for simulated soil water storage, water table, and annual tile flow were 3.0, 22.1, and 5.6 cm, respectively. These values were close to the average RMSE for the measured data between replicates (3.0, 22.4, and 5.7 cm, respectively). RMSE values for simulated annual N loading and residual soil N were 16.8 and 47.0 kg N ha⁻¹, respectively, which were much higher than the average RMSE for measurements among replicates (7.8 and 38.8 kg N ha⁻¹, respectively). The high RMSE for N simulation might be caused by high simulation errors in plant N uptake. Simulated corn (Zea mays L.) and soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merr.] yields had high RMSE (1386 and 674 kg ha⁻¹) with coefficient of variations (CV) of 0.19 and 0.25, respectively. Further improvements were needed for better simulating plant N uptake and yield, but overall, results for annual tile flow and annual N loading in tile flow were acceptable.     

基于主成分-聚类分析评价不同轮作模式对土壤肥力的影响

为探明我国西北半干旱区"粮经饲"不同轮作模式的土壤肥力效应,于2017年在宁夏自治区固原市原州区设置玉米-豌豆(C-Pe)、玉米-玉米(C-C)、2龄苜蓿(2A)、高粱-马铃薯(B-Po)、燕麦-玉米(O-C)、马铃薯-燕麦(Po-O)、豌豆-高粱(Pe-B)7种轮作处理模式,研究了不同粮草轮作模式土壤养分、酶活性及可培养微生物群落特征,并进行土壤肥力综合评价。结果表明:(1)不同轮作处理模式对土壤养分影响显著,与其他轮作模式相比,2A模式更有利于土壤养分的累积,而C-C模式增加了对养分的消耗,C-Pe和Po-O模式的有机质、全氮、速效氮、速效磷和速效钾含量高于B-Po和O-C模式,轮作处理对全钾含量影响较小。(2)不同轮作处理模式对土壤酶活性影响显著,2A模式较其他轮作模式显著增加了土壤脲酶和蔗糖酶活性(P<0.05),C-C模式土壤酶活性最低。O-C和Pe-B模式的蔗糖酶、脲酶和碱性磷酸酶活性高于B-Po模式。(3)不同轮作处理模式对土壤可培养微生物数量影响显著,且各轮作模式下土壤微生物数量以细菌占绝对优势,放线菌次之,真菌数量最少,并有明显的土层垂直分布规律,与其他轮作模式相比,2A、C-C和B-Po模式的细菌数量和微生物总数量显著下降(P<0.05),真菌数量显著增加(P<0.05),O-C模式的细菌数量和微生物总数量明显增加,真菌数量降低。(4)运用主成分分析-数值聚类方法对不同轮作模式下土壤养分、土壤酶活性、土壤微生物数量的15个指标进行土壤肥力综合评价,主成分分析提取的2个主成分累计贡献率达89.38%,第1主成分以土壤有机质、全氮、速效氮、全磷、速效磷、速效钾、蔗糖酶、脲酶和碱性磷酸酶贡献最大,达63.56%,第2主成分以细菌数量、真菌数量和微生物总数贡献最大,达25.82%,且各轮作模式在2个主成分上的综合得分排名为2A>Pe-B>C-Pe>O-C>Po-O>B-Po>C-C。再以2个主成分得分进行聚类,将7个模式共分为3类,第1类(2A)土壤综合肥力最好;第2类(Pe-B、O-C、C-Pe、Po-O、B-Po)土壤综合肥力较好;第3类(C-C)土壤综合肥力较差。研究结果为当地耕作方式改良提供理论依据和实践指导。