Population dynamics of the potato cyst nematode,Globodera pallida,in relation to temperature,potato cultivar and nematicide application

The impact of increasing temperatures on the population dynamics of the soil-dwelling nematode Globodera pallida, a persistent and economically important pest of potatoes, was investigated. The reproductive factor (final population⁄initial population) and length of life cycle were found to be temperature sensitive. Pot experiments performed over 4 months allowed comparison of the effect on development of G. pallida of two temperature regimes: an average temperature comparable to current field conditions (14.3 °C) and an average temperature above current field conditions (17.3 °C). A larger second generation of juveniles was observed at 17.3 °C compared to 14.3 °C. Multiplication of G. pallida at field sites in Shropshire and East Lothian (average soil temperatures of 15.5 and 14.1 °C, respectively, during potato cropping) was also examined. A quantitative PCR assay and visual examination of roots were used to monitor the dynamics of the G. pallida populations in both field sites at 4-weekly intervals. Four cultivars, Desirée, Cara, Maris Piper and Estima, were grown with and without nematicide treatments. Nematicide treatments suppressed population increases at both sites. Females were observed on the roots of cvs Cara and Desirée at the end of the growing season in Shropshire, but not at East Lothian, and are likely to represent a second generation.     

A SCAR marker linked to the N gene for resistance to root knot nematodes (Meloidogyne spp.) in pepper (Capsicum annuum L.)

The root-knot nematodes (Meloidogyne spp.) are important nematode pests and cause serious diseases in pepper in the world. No molecular markers linked to the nematodes resistance N gene have been reported. In this paper, ‘Carolina Wonder’ (Capsicum annuum L.), a sweet pepper line resistant to root-knot nematode with N gene, ‘20080-5-29’ (C. annuum L.), an inbred line susceptible to root-knot nematode with good horticultural characteristics, and their F₂ progeny with 320 individuals were used as materials. Evaluation of resistance and susceptibility of parental lines, F₁ and F₂ progeny inoculated with root-knot nematodes (Meloidogyne incognita) were carried out. ‘Bulked segregant analysis’ method was used to search for polymorphic markers from 512 pairs of AFLP primers. Based on the assessment of resistance and susceptibility and polymorphism of the AFLP marker in F₂ population, the genetic linkage distance between the AFLP marker and the N gene was estimated. One AFLP marker E39/M41-339 was obtained and transferred to a SCAR marker amplifying a 315 bp DNA fragment linked to the N resistant allele and a 331 bp fragment linked to the N⁺ susceptible allele. The distance between the molecular marker and the nematodes resistance N gene is 6.3 cM. This research delivered a valuable tool for the marker assisted selection of nematodes resistance in pepper.     

我国大豆胞囊线虫生防真菌研究现状

大豆胞囊线虫病(Heterodera glycines,SCN)在我国分布较广,危害较大,对该病的防治主要通过应用化学药剂,但化学药剂对人、畜不安全,对环境污染重[1]。目前,我国对大豆胞囊线虫生防真菌已有了大量的研究,本文综述了我国大豆胞囊线虫生防真菌的主要研究种类和数量、捕食性真菌和机会真菌的作用机制及生防制剂的田间应用、防效等情况。     

山药不同种植模式对土壤线虫群落结构和土壤理化性质的影响

为明确山药不同种植模式(两茬间隔0、3、6、10 a,分别记为YPI-0、YPI-3、YPI-6和YPI-10)对土壤环境的影响,以土壤线虫群落和土壤理化性质为分析指标,采用线虫形态学鉴定方法和土壤常规分析方法进行研究,以期为通过改变种植模式防治植物寄生线虫提供理论依据.结果表明,不同种植模式下土壤pH值,及有机质、速...     

沼液淹没土壤抑制根结线虫及对土壤线虫群落的影响

为探索沼液抑制根结线虫的效果,本研究通过盆栽试验,以番茄为试供作物,对比了种植前沼液淹没土壤(BSS)、种植期间浇灌沼液(BS)和加热(HE)3种方法对根结线虫的防控效果。结果表明,与不采取任何措施的对照(CK)处理相比, BSS处理抑制根结线虫效果最为明显,防效高达97.1%,根结指数分别比HE和BS处理降低96.9%和92.9%。HE处理尽管在处理土壤后显著降低了根结线虫数量,但在最后破坏性取样时(结束试验)出现反弹,根结线虫数量甚至高于CK处理。对于土壤线虫群落,CK处理中以植食性线虫为主(81.8%);两个沼液处理中食细菌线虫占优势(平均78.3%),且其中的杂食捕食性线虫在土壤前处理后消失,在试验结束时又重新出现,但所占比例依然非常低。沼液淹水方式的高效防控效果揭示了利用沼液防控根结线虫的关键期在于线虫入侵到植物根部之前的幼虫期。然而,在盆栽系统中,沼液淹水的方式也对作物生长表现出了一定的抑制趋势。高量沼液施用防控病害的同时引发的植物毒害作用以及环境污染风险,需要进一步开展田间研究。     

水肥耦合对香蕉园土壤线虫群落结构及多样性的影响

以海南香蕉种植区为例,研究了水肥一体化条件下,不同水肥用量（低肥：每株香蕉施尿素400 g、磷酸二氢钾256 g、氯化钾1024 g;高肥：每株香蕉施尿素500 g、磷酸二氢钾320 g、氯化钾1280 g;低水：3800 L/株,高水：4750 L/株）对土壤线虫群落结构及多样性的影响。4个取样时期低肥低水（A）、低肥高水（B）、高肥低水（C）和高肥高水（D）4个处理的线虫总数、食细菌线虫数量、食真菌线虫数量、植物寄生线虫数量和捕食/杂食线虫数量均存在显著差异（P＜0.01）。本试验田中共鉴定出土壤线虫22科34属,其中巴兹尔属（Basiria）和针属（Paratylenchus）为优势属。单增加施肥量显著增加了植物寄生线虫数量和捕食/杂食线虫数量,同时增加施肥量和灌水量显著增加了线虫总数、食细菌线虫数量和食真菌线虫数量。从整个生育期来看,线虫总数和4个线虫营养类群的数量在苗期均较低,抽蕾期和成熟期均较高。4个取样时期A、B、C和D4个处理的多样性指数（Shannon diversity,H′）、自由生活线虫成熟度指数（Maturity index,MI）、通道指数（Channel ratio,NCR）、Wasilewska指数（Wasilewska index,WI）和富集指数（Enrichment index,EI）均存在显著差异（P＜0.01）。单增加灌水量显著增加了结构指数（Structure index,SI）和EI指数,单增加施肥量显著增加了H′和NCR指数,同时增加施肥量和灌水量显著增加了植物寄生线虫成熟度指数（plant parasite index,PPI）。从整个生育期来看,苗期的H′、NCR、SI和EI指数较高,营养生长期的MI和WI指数较高,抽蕾期的优势度指数（dominance index,λ）较高,成熟期的PPI指数较高。该研究结果表明,土壤线虫群落结构的变化很好地反映土壤水肥的变化状况,土壤线虫可作为施肥和灌溉过程中土壤质量变化的生物学指标。     

广西根结线虫病害的病原鉴定

从广西不同地区采集的28种植物根结线虫病的病原,按病原线虫的主要形态学特征和寄主反应的鉴定方法,对每种病原进行了分类鉴定。其中穗状鸡冠花、胡椒、蕹菜、胡萝卜,芭蕉芋、鸡蛋果、莞荽(香菜)、苋苯、荷包豆、吉庆果、黄麻、黄穗鸡冠等根结线虫病的病原都是属南方根结线虫1号小种;风仙花、辣椒、蕹菜、番茄、独头鸡冠花、红穗鸡冠、罗汉果、黄麻、芹菜根结线虫有一种是南方根结线虫1号小种,另一种是爪哇根结线虫;甜叶菊、姜根结线虫病的病原有一种是南方根结线虫1号小种,另一种是花生根结线虫1号小种;吉庆果、四季海棠、茄、棕竹、柳树的根结线虫病的病原是爪哇根结线虫;罗汉果、丝瓜、红麻根结线虫病的病原有一种是爪哇根结线虫,另一种是花生根结线虫1号小种;花生根结线虫病的病原是花生根结线虫1号小种。发现二个新种:即水稻根结线虫病的病原是林氏根结线虫;柑桔根结线虫病的病原是孔氏根结线虫。     

不同绿色防控措施对猕猴桃根结线虫病的防治效果研究

猕猴桃根结线虫病是严重威胁猕猴桃产业发展的重要土传病害,而带病种苗的调运栽植是该病害传播的主要途径。为了控制猕猴桃根结线虫病的发生与传播,本研究开发了根系修剪、温汤浸泡、喷施氨基寡糖素、间作万寿菊等多种病害绿色防控措施。通过比较不同措施的田间防治效果,研究发现将猕猴桃根系所有毛细根及侧根全部剪除,仅保留主根的修剪方式及将猕猴桃根系在45 °C温汤浸泡30min等种苗处理措施的病害防治效果最佳,防效分别为90.91%和93.1%,是重要的带病种苗处理措施。而喷施氨基寡糖素与间作万寿菊也可以有效控制猕猴桃根结线虫病的发生,是重要的田间病害绿色防控措施。本研究首次针对猕猴桃根结线虫病提出了多种无害化防控措施,对于指导生产中开展病害绿色防治提供了技术支撑。     

根结线虫属新种——龙眼根结线虫的 描述

龙眼根结线虫（Meloidogyne dimocarpus n.sp.）采自中国福建省福州金山一龙眼园的龙眼根部。其鉴别特征为雌虫会阴花纹近圆形，线纹细密，背弓中等高而圆，尾端为经一纹的起源中心，具有一个同不规的短线纹组成的明显尾轮，由同心圆线纹包围；阴门与肛门之间有多条,连续线纹；侧区两侧为双侧线，或其中一侧为单侧线；头部正面观中唇中部显著凹陷，形成相对独立的两辰片，侧唇圆而大；口针长14.8μm，基部球横卵圆形，同杆部界线明显，雄虫头冠低，侧辰长耳状且大，两端内侧与中唇融合；口针长19.1μm，基部球圆，稍后斜，同杆部界线明显，排泄孔位于半月体前，二龄幼虫体长433μm，口针长13.3μm，尾长53.8μm，渐细、末端印圆。     

巴兹尔属、滑刃属和长尾属线虫国内新纪录种的描述

粗尾巴兹尔线虫（Ｂａｓｉｒｉａ ｔｕｍｉｄａ（Ｃｏｌｂｒａｎ,１９６０）,Ｇｅｒａｅｒｔ,１９６８）,采自辽宁省普兰店市五里台的马铃薯根际土壤,其主要鉴定特征是侧区４条侧线,唇区平滑,中食道球发育弱;单卵巢,尾部形状为亚圆柱形到棒状。阿布萨里滑刃线虫（Ａｐｈｅｌｅｎｃｈｏｉｄｅｓ ａｂｓａｒｉＨｕｓａｉｎ＆Ｋｈａｎ,１９６７）采自辽宁省瓦房店市辣椒和庄河市茄子根际土壤,其主要鉴定特征是侧区４条侧线