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11.
Abstract AIM: To examine the effect of an anthelmintic treatment to lambs, followed immediately by a shift onto pastures with differing levels of larval contamination, on the development of anthelmintic resistance, in order to support recommendations to farmers regarding drench-and-shift practices for sustainable worm control. METHODS: Newly weaned Romney lambs (n=72) were dosed with third-stage infective larvae (L3) of two nematode parasite species, Teladorsagia (=Ostertagia) circumcincta and Trichostrongylus colubriformis, comprising benzimidazole-resistant and -susceptible isolates, calculated to yield, after treatment with albendazole, a 95% reduction in faecal nematode egg count (FEC). Once infections became patent (Day 0), lambs were randomised into nine groups of eight animals, treated with albendazole at the manufacturer's recommended dose rate, and moved to individual pastures each previously prepared to have one of three different levels of parasite larval infestation (Treatment 1 = low contamination, Treatment 2 = medium contamination, and Treatment 3 = high contamination), and grazed on those pastures before receiving a second treatment with albendazole at Day 47. Anthelmintic resistance status in each group of lambs was measured using FEC reduction (FECR) and egghatch assays (EHA) after the first anthelmintic treatment, and FECR after the second treatment. RESULTS: Egg-hatch assays demonstrated significant differences between treatments. The concentration of anthelmintic required to kill 50% of the eggs (LC50) for Treatment 1, comprising the least contaminated pastures, was significantly higher than for Treatments 2 and 3 on Days 33 and 40. Treatment 1 also had a significantly lower FECR at the final anthelmintic treatment, and significantly lower FEC than the other two treatments from Days 26 to 47. CONCLUSIONS: The results demonstrated that the populations of T. circumcincta and T. colubriformis in lambs treated with anthelmintic had significantly higher levels of albendazole resistance at the end of the grazing period in lambs moved onto pastures with relatively low levels of parasite contamination than those moved onto pastures with relatively higher contamination, confirming drench-and-shift onto ‘clean’ pasture as a high-risk practice for the selection for anthelmintic resistance. While this does not necessarily preclude the use of this practice it does emphasise the importance of taking appropriate remedial action to minimise the risk. 相似文献
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AIM: To test the hypothesis that a single strategic treatment with a new class of anthelmintic could slow the development of resistance to existing classes of anthelmintic. METHODS: An existing model was used to simulate nematode parasite dynamics and the development of anthelmintic resistance. Variations on a five-drench preventive programme of treatments for lambs, in which either zero, the first, third or fifth treatment was substituted with a different class of drug, were compared for the time to reach treatment failure (defined as efficacy <95%). The sensitivity to variations in the death rate of adult worms, that varied from 1 to 5%, and the dominance of resistance genes were also assessed. RESULTS: Replacing one of the five treatments with a different class of anthelmintic almost always slowed the development of resistance, and was never worse than using the same drug for all treatments. Further, there were large differences in the relative time to treatment failure depending on which treatment was substituted. Changing the first treatment always had the least benefit, whereas changing the fifth treatment always had the greatest. This pattern was independent of the daily death rate of adult worms, and was not influenced by the dominance of resistance under treatment. CONCLUSIONS: The results indicated that strategic substitution of a single treatment with a new class of anthelmintic, at the end of a series of preventive treatments to lambs using an existing class, could slow the further development of resistance to the latter. This strategic use of a new anthelmintic class has the potential to greatly extend the life of existing anthelmintics if these are still effective. 相似文献
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在大田及室内条件下研究了尿素(Urea)、过磷酸钙(Superphosphate)、硫酸钾(Potassium sulphate)、硝酸磷钾复合肥(Phosphorus-potassium nitrate fertilizer)4种肥料、10个配比施用量对小麦禾谷胞囊线虫病的影响。室内盆栽结果表明,尿素375kg/ha处理对线虫的抑制作用最好,过磷酸钙900kg/ha、尿素300kg/ha和尿素225kg/ha次之;硫酸钾270kg/ha、硝酸磷钾复合肥525kg/ha、硝酸磷钾复合肥525kg/ha+硫酸钾120kg/ha3个处理对线虫的抑制作用均为负值。大田试验结果表明尿素300kg/ha、尿素225kg/ha和过磷酸钙900kg/ha3个处理对线虫的抑制作用最好;硫酸钾270kg/ha、硝酸磷钾复合肥525kg/ha、硝酸磷钾复合肥525kg/ha+硫酸钾120kg/ha3个处理对线虫的抑制作用较差。在抑制线虫增殖方面,复合肥525kg/ha+尿素75kg/ha处理效果最好,过磷酸钙900kg/ha、尿素300kg/ha2个处理对线虫增殖也具有一定的抑制作用;硫酸钾270kg/ha、硝酸磷钾复合肥525kg/ha、硝酸磷钾复合肥525kg/ha+硫酸钾120kg/ha3个处理则促进线虫增殖。产量测定结果表明,过磷酸钙900kg/ha、尿素300kg/ha、复合肥+磷肥187.5kg/ha3个处理增产效果均在10%以上;硫酸钾270kg/ha、硝酸磷钾复合肥525kg/ha、硝酸磷钾复合肥525kg/ha+硫酸钾120kg/ha3个处理增产效果均低于5%。 相似文献
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测定了草坪上常用的14种化学药剂对蝼蛄斯氏线、长尾斯氏线虫X-7品系和小卷蛾斯氏线虫All品系存活和侵染率的影响。杀虫剂乙酰甲胺磷在高浓度和推荐浓度下对蝼蛄斯氏线虫、长尾斯氏线虫和小卷蛾斯氏线虫的致死率分别为21%和9.5%,13%和5.5%,5.5%和2%;敌百虫在高浓度和推荐浓度下对蝼蛄斯氏线虫的致死率分别高达94.5%和92.5%,在高浓度下对长尾斯氏线虫的致死率为8%,对小卷蛾斯氏线虫没有明显致死作用;克蛾宝对3种线虫的致死作用均比乙酰甲胺磷和敌百虫低。杀菌剂对3种线虫的存活均无影响。除草剂2,4-D丁酯对3种线虫低浓度和高浓度下致死率分别为2%、6%、3.5%和5%、85.5%、6%。经化学药剂处理24h后的线虫侵染黄粉虫9-11龄幼虫,对线虫存活没有影响或者影响较小的化学药剂对线虫的侵染率都没有明显的影响,但剂型为10%可湿性粉剂的吡虫啉对长尾斯氏线虫,以及高浓度的2,4-D丁酯对小卷蛾斯氏线虫的侵染率有明显抑制作用。 相似文献
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采用叶碟法测定了36个昆虫病原线虫共生细菌菌株对小菜蛾Plutella xylostella二龄幼虫的拒食作用,其中10个菌株对小菜蛾幼虫的选择性和非选择性拒食率高于75%。以嗜线虫致病杆菌Xenorhabdus nematophilus All菌株为代表,研究了对小菜蛾有拒食作用的物质与细菌生长过程、型变、pH值、温度、有机溶剂之间的关系。结果表明:拒食物质产生于细菌的对数增长期和稳定期,在稳定期最高,拒食率达85%左右;次生型菌液未能分泌足够的拒食物质,其拒食率在20%以下。在-80℃-100℃的范围内,其拒食率均在81%以上。pH3-11范围内,对拒食物质稳定性有一定影响,选择性拒食率变化不大,均在96%以上;非选择性拒食率变化明显,pH值为3、5、7、11时,非选择性拒食率下降至23.1%-34.9%。拒食物质可与氯仿、石油醚、乙酸乙酯、正己烷、乙醇相溶,其提取液对小菜蛾拒食率均在80%以上。 相似文献
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