中国水稻栽植机械的发展

我国水稻生产历史悠久，在世界粮食生产中扮演着非常重要的角色。因此，选择一种适合于我国水稻种植的机械已成为当前及今后水稻生产中的主要问题。为此，阐述了我国水稻栽植机械化所面临的问题；同时，分析了几种水稻栽植技术模式，以对我国水稻栽植机械的发展提供依据和参考。     

Past, present and future criteria to breed crops for water-limited environments in West Africa

Asia's Green Revolution of the 1960s and 1970s has largely bypassed West Africa, and “modern” (high-yielding, input responsive) germplasm for staple crops has found comparatively little adoption, except for systems that are have good access to markets and sufficient water resources. It is unlikely, however, that breeding objectives conserving traditional crop characteristics as found in extensive systems would have been more successful. The authors identify systems caught in the agricultural transition from subsistence to intensified, market-oriented production as the most important target for crop improvement, and provide examples of new breeding objectives for cowpea, sorghum and upland rice. In each of these cases, breeders, with the help of physiologists, have developed innovative plant-type concepts that combine improved yield potential and input responsiveness with specific traditional crop characteristics that remain essential during the agricultural transition. In the case of cowpea, dual-purpose varieties were developed that produce a good grain yield due to an erect plant habit, then produce new leaves enabling a second harvest of green foliage. For upland rice systems that are limited by labour (mainly needed to control weeds that abound due to shortened fallow periods), a weed competitive plant type was developed from Oryza sativa × Oryza glaberrima crosses. Lastly, sorghum breeders who had previously deselected photoperiod sensitivity are now re-inserting sensitivity into plants having “modern” architecture, in order to allow for flexible sowing dates while maintaining an agro-ecologically optimal time of flowering near the end of the wet season. The ecophysiological basis of these plant types, their place in current and future cropping systems, as well as the problem of under-funding for their realisation, are discussed.     

Effects of alternative water distribution rules on irrigation system performance: a simulation analysis

Based on a simulation model reflecting physical and economic conditions typically found in rice irrigation systems in Asia, the irrigation performance implications of alternative water distribution rules for dry season irrigation are evaluated under varying degrees of water shortage. The rules examined reflect differing water distribution strategies designed either to maximize conveyance efficiency, economic efficiency, or equity; or to achieve a balance between efficiency and equity objectives. Irrigation performance is evaluated using several efficiency measures reflecting the physical, agronomic and economic productivity of water, and one measure of equity. Economic efficiency and equity among farmers within the portion of the irrigation system that is on in any given season are shown to be complementary, and not competing objectives. Economic efficiency and equity among all farmers within the command area of the irrigation system are largely complementary strategies at the lower levels of water shortage, but with increasing shortage, significant tradeoffs develop between these objectives. An operational rule for water distribution under a goal of maximizing economic efficiency is developed, and the data requirements for its implementation are shown to be modest. Under the model's assumed conditions of dry season rice production dependent solely on surface irrigation for water, the distribution strategy designed to maximize conveyance efficiency results in only modestly lower levels of economic efficiency and equity than could be achieved by the strategy designed to maximize economic efficiency.     

刮板式水稻育苗平盘播土装置的设计与试验

分析了常用的一些水稻毯状秧苗工厂化育秧播土装置的特点，根据Mohr-Coulomb的土壤抗剪强度定律，设计出刮板式播土装置。并对生产上常用的砖红壤、水田土等床土进行了播土试验。试验表明，该播土装置能够适用于不同特性床土在不同播土量要求下的播土作业，播土均匀性较高，变异系数均小于10％，盘土厚度相差不大，符合农艺生产要求。     

江苏省水稻节水灌溉技术推广模式

针对江苏省稻作区水资源、土壤、气候的特点 ,选择浅湿灌溉、浅湿调控灌溉、控制灌溉、水稻旱作灌溉等 4种技术因地制宜进行推广。在灌溉过程中 ,建立和完善了一整套的组织措施和技术措施 ,形成了江苏省水稻节水灌溉技术推广模式 ,取得了显著的效果 ,丰富了水稻节水灌溉技术推广的内容     

水稻旱作覆膜节水增产试验研究

通过水稻旱作全程覆膜与半程覆膜、旱作不覆膜及水栽对比试验，研究其耗水规律，计算其节水量与增产量，并进行经济效益分析，提出了适合本地区的栽培模式。     

太湖平原水田区灌溉回归水分析

江苏太湖平原地区灌溉水源丰富,排水通畅,但由于年际水量分配不均,干旱仍时有发生。根据这一情况,对灌溉水的利用问题进行了研究。在大、小区水量平衡的基础上,提出了灌溉水的回归系数和回归水的重复利用系数,以及灌溉水的重复利用系数。为本区水利规划、用水管理和供水规划提供了可靠的依据。     

基于参数投影寻踪模型的水稻节水栽培经济效益分析

运用参数投影寻踪评价模型 (PPE) ,利用加速遗传算法同时优化 9个评价指标参数 ,对旱育稀植节水栽培不同密度方式下的经济效益进行综合评价 ,得出最优的插秧规格 ,评价效果较好 ,可在节水栽培经济效益分析中推广应用     

非充分灌溉条件下水稻根系生长发育特征研究

以广西桂林站水稻非充分灌溉试验的实测资料为基础，分析比较了不同稻田水分条件下水稻根系的形态、类型、根系数量及分布特点，同时，对非充分灌溉条件下水稻根系的生长发育特征及其对产量影响的机理进行了初步研究。其结果对指导有效、省水的稻田灌溉具有重要意义。     

水稻机械直播技术的试验研究

1993年，浙江省杭州市萧山区开始在不同镇乡、不同土壤性质的地块对引进的直播机进行可行性作业试验。经多年试用，对机器进行了选型和改进，在水稻直播的整地、种子处理、播种到排水、除草、肥水管理以及病虫害防治等整个生产过程，采用了相应的机械和措施。为此，针对水稻机械直播技术，揭示了机直播增产机理、技术特性及优越性．展望了该技术推广应用的发展前景。