铁皮石斛黑斑病菌室内药效试验

通过供试的18种药剂对铁皮石斛黑斑病菌体外抑制作用测试结果表明,除克菌特外,所有药剂对其孢子萌发都有显著的抑制作用,其中代森锰锌、易保、代森锌和炭疽福美可完全抑制孢子萌发,霉克特、扑海英、使百克、新太生、甲基托布津和世高对孢子萌发有较强烈的抑制作用。与对照比较,克菌特促进孢子萌发率高于对照23.34%,克菌特和庄园乐都能促进芽管生长。18种药剂对石斛黑斑病菌菌丝体的抑制作用测定结果显示,所有药剂对菌丝生长都有显著的抑制作用,其中使百克和世高对菌丝体抑制效果最好,抑菌率都达91.28%,其次是施佳乐、福星和扑海英。     

Genetic variability within Phaeoisariopsis griseola from Central America and its implications for resistance breeding of common bean

The genetic and virulence variability of 112 isolates of Phaeoisariopsis griseola , collected from various locations in Central America, were studied using seven random amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) primers and 12 common-bean differential genotypes. Broad molecular diversity ( H  = 0·92) among isolates was found using RAPD markers. Fifty pathotypes were identified on 12 differential bean genotypes, 29 of which were represented by only one isolate. Only 18 pathotypes were found in two or more countries. Pathotype 63-63 was the most virulent and caused leaf spots on all 12 common-bean differential genotypes. Comparison of virulence phenotypes and RAPD profiles to known Andean P. griseola isolates confirmed that all isolates belonged to the Mesoamerican group. Pairwise comparison between individual RAPD loci showed that the majority were in gametic phase linkage disequilibrium, revealing that P. griseola maintains a genetic structure that is consistent with asexual reproduction. The molecular and virulence diversities of P. griseola isolates from Central America imply that using single resistance genes to manage angular leaf spot is inadequate and stacking resistance genes may be necessary to manage the disease effectively.     

Nucleus substitution of Brassica japonica Sieb. with Raphanus sativus L. and its resultant chlorophyll deficiency

Summary Nucleus substitution of Brassica japonica (2n=20) with Raphanus sativus (2n=18) was carried out by means of repeated backcrossing of Brassicoraphavus (2n=37) to R. sativus as a pollen donor. In the course of nucleus substitution, chlorophyll deficiency appeared. Plants with more than 28 chromosomes, like their parents, had green leaves and those with 24 to 26 chromosomes had yellowish green ones. Almost all plants with 18 to 23 chromosomes showed yellow or whitish yellow. The R. sativus with B. japonica cytoplasm (2n=18) was obtained after four successive backerosses. The completely substituted R. sativus showed the same fertility as the true R. sativus used as a recurrent parent. It is assumed that the chlorophyll deficiency is caused by disharmony between the B. japonica cytoplasm and the R. sativus nucleus. The chlorophyll deficiency is discussed in comparison with male sterility or other characters which sometimes occur in alloplasmic Raphanus and Brassica species.     

Applications of ionizing radiation for the control of postharvest diseases in fresh produce: recent advances

Postharvest diseases cause considerable losses to harvested fruits and vegetables worldwide. In addition to various treatments to control postharvest losses caused by pathogens, the global trend is shifting toward more ecofriendly alternatives safer to human health. Thus far, the main approach to postharvest disease control has mostly relied on the use of chemicals. However, the intense use of chemical fungicides has caused side effects such as environmental issues and evolution of fungicide‐resistant isolates. With increasing demand for the use of non‐chemicals, ionizing radiation has been investigated for application in many aspects of postharvest treatment, especially as an approach with significant potential for the control of postharvest disease. Recently, a number of more or less technologically advanced methodologies, e.g. irradiation combined with other types of treatments and induced disease‐resistance, have been developed to control postharvest diseases as well as to increase the quality and storage life of fresh commodities. Challenges for future application of irradiation in fresh produce are the cost, lack of irradiation facilities, lack of knowledge about optimal conditions for different commodities, and lack of acceptance of irradiated fresh produce. This review aims to document the advances in understanding of the effects of irradiation on postharvest disease, the possible modes of action, and the perspectives in commercial use.     

郭予元院士在宁夏植保防控事业中的学术贡献——纪念郭予元院士诞辰90周年

五六十年代的宁夏, 农业发展落后, 农业科学发展刚刚起步, 引黄灌区的水稻和南部西海固地区的冬小麦分别是当地的主要粮食作物, 其产量直接关乎当地群众温饱。但是由于特殊的地理位置和气候特点, 这些地区病虫害发生严重, 制约了当地的粮食生产。本文回顾了郭予元院士在宁夏进行病虫害科学研究, 为水稻稻瘟病、小麦麦种蝇和小麦腥黑穗病的监测预警, 防治示范做出的突出贡献。郭予元院士建立的预测预报体系及防治技术示范一直指导当地的农业生产, 并给全国的病虫害防治做了示范。     

甘南地区歪头菜生殖分配对生殖产量的影响

采用现存生殖分配(Standing Reproduction Allocation)的方法研究甘南地区歪头菜(Vicia unijuga)生物量生殖分配。结果表明,不同生长年限植株在整个生长季中,各构件生物量占总生物量的比例随着季节变化表现为营养分配比重不断减少,生殖分配比重不断增加,但营养生物量分配比例占绝对优势,而在蕾期和花期用于有性生殖的生物量(蕾、花生物量)分配比例仅在10%左右;多年生歪头菜种群幼龄时期植株生殖生物量分配仍然随着生长年限的增加而增加,但生殖产量的生物量分配却表现出2年龄5年龄4年龄;2年龄植株蕾－花生物量转换比例和花－荚生物量转换比例分别为1∶1.17和1∶1.36,5年龄植株的分别为1∶0.94和1∶1.31,说明2年龄植株比5年龄植株有较高的生殖利用率,而5年龄植株落花、落荚现象明显。以上结果揭示出,植株对有性繁殖的小比例投资以及生殖转换中产生的生殖损失可能是导致该地区歪头菜种群有性繁殖体种子产量低的重要原因,而影响这一原因的因素可能是生长季过程中的环境干扰和养分竞争等问题。     

德系安哥拉兔的生长特性

德系安哥拉兔不仅以产毛量高、毛质好而著称,而且有生长迅速、体成熟早、体型大的特点。六月龄时已达成年体重的87.37％。母兔的初配可在此时进行,公兔可延迟一个月配种。四月龄与六月龄体重和成年体重的相关系数分别为0.505与0.508,这为德系安哥拉兔体重的早期选择提供了有利时机。     

我国水稻白叶枯病菌致病力分化研究

综述了我国水稻白叶枯病菌致病力分化及其致病基因和致病机制的研究进展 ,查明稻白叶枯病菌致病力分化状况是进行水稻抗白叶枯病育种及其抗性品种利用的基础。     

南京经济技术开发区景观改造工程

论述了南京经济技术开发区景观改造的构思,确定围绕开发区主轴线进行改造,重点体现在1个主入口、2条主干道、3个节点、4条区内道路上;从而显山露水,开辟景观主轴线,体现滨江山水园区的自然特征。     

麻栎 马尾松天然次生混交林生物量结构及根系分布特征调查研究

通过对马尾松、麻栎天然次生混交林林分生物量的测定,对林分生物量积累、根系分布特征的差异进行了研究。结果表明,两类树种混交造林方式能在一定程度上提高树干的生产量,天然次生麻栎较马尾松具有主根、水平根系均发达,且须根分布均匀的特点。