A conceptual framework and an empirical test of complementarity and facilitation with respect to phosphorous uptake by plant species mixtures

Plant species have different traits for mobilizing sparingly soluble phosphorus (P) resources, which could potentially lead to overyielding in P uptake by plant species mixtures compared to monocultures due to higher P uptake as a result of resource (P) partitioning and facilitation. However, there is circumstantial evidence at best for overyielding as a result of these mechanisms. Overyielding (the outcome) is easily confused with underlying mechanisms because of unclear definitions. We aimed to define a conceptual framework to separate outcome from underlying mechanisms and test it for facilitation and complementarity with respect to P acquisition by three plant species combinations grown on four soils. Our conceptual framework describes both mechanisms of complementarity and facilitation and outcomes (overyielding of mixtures or no overyielding) depending on the competitive ability of the species to uptake the mobilized P. Millet/chickpea mixtures were grown in pots on two calcareous soils mixed with calcium-bound P (CaP) and phytate P (PhyP). Cabbage/faba bean mixtures were grown on both acid and neutral soils mixed with P-coated iron (hydr)oxide (FeP) and PhyP. Wheat/maize mixtures were grown on all four soils. Rhizosphere carboxylate concentration and acid phosphatase activity (mechanisms) as well as plant P uptake and biomass (outcome) were determined for monocultures rhizosphere and species mixtures. Facilitation of P uptake occurred in millet/chickpea mixtures on one calcareous soil. We found no indications for P acquisition from different P sources, neither in millet/chickpea, nor in cabbage/faba bean mixtures. Cabbage and faba bean on the neutral soil differed in rhizosphere acid phosphatase activity and carboxylate concentration, but showed no overyielding. Wheat and maize, with similar root exudates, showed overyielding (the observed P uptake being 22% higher than the expected P uptake) on one calcareous soil. We concluded that although differences in plant physiological traits (root exudates) provide necessary conditions for complementarity and facilitation with respect to P uptake from different P sources, they do not necessarily result in increased P uptake by species mixtures, because of the relative competitive ability of the mixed species.     

微生物对油污地石油的降解作用及影响因素

生物降解有机物可能成为净化土壤和水资源的一种有效方式.生物降解手段的成本与焚化、贮存或土壤清洗相比要低.重点探讨了微生物对油污地石油降解的机理,分析了影响微生物降解的相关因素,包括营养物质和化合物、氧气、水、温度、核酸等,还探讨了油污地降解过程中植物的作用及生物降解微生物的作用,以期为油污地的治理提供基础理论依据.     

Bacillus subtilis PTS-394对番茄根系及根围微生态的影响

为了明确枯草芽孢杆菌(Bacillus subtilis)PTS-394对番茄根系及根围微生态的影响,本研究采用生理生化方法测定了番茄根系活力和根围土壤酶活性,并测定了番茄根冠比及根系周围可培养微生物的数量。结果表明,枯草芽孢杆菌PTS-394能够显著促进番茄根系生长,促进生长率达25%;同时PTS-394还能够提高根系活力,在PTS-394处理后第12 h、24 h,根系活力均比对照显著增高,增高比例分别为17.0%和25.6%,随后根系活力和对照基本持平并保持一致。枯草芽孢杆菌PTS-394的施用对番茄根围土壤中的放线菌具有显著的促进作用,对真菌具有轻微的抑制作用,而对细菌则无明显作用。此外,PTS-394能够促进番茄根围土壤脲酶和土壤蔗糖酶的活性,但其对2种酶的作用均有时效性,其影响会随着时间的变化而逐渐减弱。     

灰木莲、巨尾桉和厚荚相思人工林土壤微生物量及酶活性比较

为了解灰木莲、巨尾桉和厚荚相思3种人工林地的土壤肥力变化,为制定相应的营林措施提供参考,对3种8年生人工林0 ～ 20cm土层的微生物数量及土壤酶活性进行比较.结果表明:(1)不同树种的土壤微生物总量为灰木莲＞厚荚相思＞巨尾桉.同一树种在一年四季中的变化是:灰木莲林地夏季＞冬季＞秋季＞春季;巨尾桉林地秋季＞春季＞夏季＞冬季;厚荚相思林地秋季＞春季＞冬季＞夏季.(2)3种林地土壤的三大类群微生物数量特征表现为细菌最多,真菌数量最少,但在不同季节里有变化.灰木莲林地和厚荚相思林地的细菌数量明显大于巨尾桉林地;而巨尾桉林地的真菌和放线菌数量在春夏两季均大于另外两种林地,但秋冬两季则是3种林地中最少的.(3)3种林地的土壤蛋白酶活性在春季基本持平,但在夏季和冬季的差异却达到极显著水平;而3种林地的土壤过氧化氢酶活性均在夏季和冬季出现两次高峰,冬季的酶活性最大,差异达显著水平.分析表明不同树种对林地土壤微生物数量、组成以及土壤酶活性有重要影响.     

1株链霉菌BCG36的鉴定及抗菌活性研究

对分离自广西北海红树林根际土壤中的l株放线菌BCG36进行抗菌活性及生理生化特性的研究,并对其进行16S rDNA序列分析.结果显示:放线菌BCG36革兰氏染色呈阳性;有淀粉酶、纤维素酶、脂肪酶活性;牛奶先凝固后冻化,可使硝酸盐还原,不产硫化氢,不产黑色素,不使明胶液化;对大肠埃希菌、普通变形杆菌、乙型溶血性链球菌、金黄色葡萄球菌和白假丝酵母菌均有较好的抑制作用.16SrDNA测序后比对显示,放线菌BCG36菌株属于链霉菌属(Streptomyces).     

Characterization of a Heat Stable Protease from Arrowtooth Flounder;

Sodium dodecyl sulfate gel electrophoresis revealed rapid proteolytic degradation of myosin heavy chain in heated arrowtooth flounder muscle. A proteolytic enzyme of approximately 32,000 molecular weight was extracted from the muscle and purified 125 fold. Activity of the semi-purified enzyme at 55°C was optimal against casein at pH 6.0-7.0. Incubation with chemical reagents indicated the involvement of sulfhydryl groups in enzyme activity.     

Comparative efficiency of phosphate-solubilizing bacteria under greenhouse conditions for promoting growth and aloin-A content of Aloe barbadensis

This study was conducted with Aloe barbadensis in order to investigate the efficacy of four phosphate-solubilizing bacteria (PSB), Pseudomonas synxantha 10223, Burkholderia gladioli 10242, Enterobacter hormaechei 10240 and Serratia marcescens 10241 to solubilize Mussorie rock phosphate (MRP) and to evaluate its effects on growth, soluble P content and P uptake compared with control, i.e. uninoculated plants. Pot experiments were conducted in a greenhouse, in soil supplemented with MRP. Each PSB treatment showed different effects on different plant growth parameters. The maximum increase in leaf length (23.7%), total number of leaves (33.33%) and dry rind weight (69.10%) was observed in plants treated with P. synxantha 10223 compared with control. Whereas, maximum increase in root length (23.43%), fresh leaves weight (79.03%), dry gel weight (113.08%) and total gel volume (112.10%), was observed in plants treated with S. marcescens 10241 compared with uninoculated plants. Maximum increase in aloin-A content [114.92% (per g dry gel weight) and 322.32% (per plant dry gel weight)] was observed in plants treated with P. synxantha 10223 compared with control plants. Root colonization by inoculated PSB as estimated by RAPD technique showed that all PSB were able to survive in the rhizosphere of Aloe plants.     

Interactive Effect of Sulphur and Nitrogen on the Oil and Protein Contents and on the Fatty Acid Profiles of Oil in the Seeds of Rapeseed (Brassica campestris L.) and Mustard (Brassica juncea L. Czern. and Coss.)

In long-term field experiments on loamy sand and sandy loam, legumes (pea and lupine) stimulated microbial activity in the rhizosphere more than cereals (winter rye, winter wheat and spring barley), maize and oil flax. In the rhizosphere of winter wheat and maize, microbial activity and the bacteria species Pseudomonas , Agrobacterium and Xanthomonas were more stimulated by organic manuring than by mineral fertilization. A positive correlation between the stimulated bacteria species and the growth of young plants was found. Various mineral nitrogen applications had no influence on the rhizosphere microflora. The leghemoglobin content of pea nodules – an indicator of nitrogen fixation activity – was reduced by high nitrogen application in crop rotation.     

Numbers of nitrate-reducing bacteria in the rumen as estimated by competitive polymerase chain reaction

Cell numbers of known species of nitrate- and nitrite-reducing bacteria, Selenomonas ruminantium, Veillonella parvula and Wollinella succinogenes , in the rumen of goats (25–30 kg) were estimated by competitive polymerase chain reaction (PCR). The number of S. ruminantium was the largest of the three species examined, and tended to be greater in goats fed a high-concentrate diet (5.6 × 10⁷ cells/mL rumen fluid) than in goats fed a high-roughage diet (1.3 × 10⁷ cells/mL). The number of V. parvula tended to be greater when goats were fed a high-roughage diet (6.7 × 10³/mL) than when fed a high-concentrate diet (3.2 × 10³/mL). The number of W. succinogenes was below the detectable level (< 1.0 × 10²/mL) when a high-concentrate diet was fed, but was significantly increased by feeding a high-roughage diet (1.6 × 10³/mL). Addition of potassium nitrate (6 g/day) to the high-concentrate diet tended to increase V. parvula , and significantly increased W. succinogenes , indicating that these two bacteria can be increased by feeding a diet containing nitrate.     

鼎湖山和尖峰岭土壤及凋落物中微生物数量季节动态

研究海南岛尖峰岭和广东鼎湖山两样地采集的土壤样品及森林凋落物样品中细菌、放线菌和真菌三类微生物数量的季节动态变化。结果表明:两样地的土壤及凋落物中各类群微生物数量均有明显的季节变化;同一微生物类群在凋落物和土壤中的数量均有明显而相似的季节变化;凋落物中各类微生物的数量都较土壤中的多。