作物根际和叶围中产几丁质酶微生物的分布及其抑制真菌作用

从几十种作物的根际和叶围分离获得３５０株微生物，其中细菌和放线菌分别为２００株和１５０株。对所有这些分离物进行了抑制真菌试验和几丁质酶活性测定。在抑菌试验中，以棉花枯萎病菌、棉花黄萎病菌、黄瓜枯萎病菌，及西瓜枯萎病菌作为供试病原菌，有９６个分离物对其中的一种或一种以上的病原菌有抑制作用，其中１８个分离物对这４种病原菌都具有强烈的抑制作用。在几丁质酶活性方面，１０％的细菌和４０％的放线菌都能不同程度地产生几丁质酶。有些菌株几丁质酶活性强，抑菌作用也明显，有些菌株几丁质酶活性弱，抑菌作用弱或无作用，少数菌株几丁质酶活性强，但却无抑菌作用。用几丁质酶液处理病原菌孢子，其萌发率和芽管长度比对照显著降低     

The Use of a GUS Transformant of Trichoderma Harzianum, Strain T3a, to Study Metabolic Activity in the Spermosphere and Rhizosphere Related to Biocontrol of Pythium Damping-off And Root Rot

The activity of Trichoderma harzianum in the spermosphere and rhizosphere of different plant species was studied by use of a beta-glucuronidase (GUS) transformant (strain T3a). Hereby, direct observation of micro-habitats supporting metabolic activity of T. harzianum is reported. Germination of conidia and mycelial growth were not supported by exudates from healthy roots of various ages. Instead, growth and activity of T. harzianum depended on access to dead organic substrates such as seed coats, decaying roots, and wounds, including those caused by infecting pathogens. A correlation between the GUS activity of T. harzianum and the biomass of Pythium ultimum in infected roots was established. On the basis of our observations, we suggest that the biocontrol ability of T. harzianum involves competition with the pathogen for substrates including the seed coat, and wounded or infected root tissue.     

The potential of nonpathogenic Fusarium oxysporum and other biological control organisms for suppressing fusarium wilt of banana

The aim of this study was to evaluate the ability of nonpathogenic F. oxysporum and Trichoderma isolates from suppressive soils in South Africa to suppress fusarium wilt of banana in the glasshouse. Several biological control agents and commercial biological control products were included in the study. The isolates were first screened in vitro on potato dextrose agar. In glasshouse evaluations, the fungal and bacterial isolates were established on banana roots before they were replanted in pathogen-infested soil, while the commercial biocontrol agents were applied as directed by the supplier. Banana plantlets were evaluated for disease development after 7 weeks. In vitro tests showed none of the nonpathogenic isolates suppressed Fusarium oxysporum f.sp. cubense ( Foc ), while slight suppression was observed with the two Trichoderma isolates. Results of the glasshouse evaluations revealed that two of the nonpathogenic F. oxysporum isolates, CAV 255 and CAV 241, reduced fusarium wilt incidence by 87·4 and 75·0%, respectively. The known biological control agent Fo47 did not suppress Foc significantly. Pseudomonas fluorescens strain WCS 417, known for its ability to suppress other fusarium wilt diseases (WCS 417), reduced disease incidence by 87·4%. These isolates should be further evaluated for potential application in the field, independently and in combination.     

黄瓜连作对土壤微生物区系的影响Ⅰ——基于可培养微生物种群的数量分析

利用平板培养法对黄瓜连作根系微生物种群连续性变化进行了跟踪研究。结果表明,黄瓜连作导致土壤可培养微生物数量减少,其中细菌数量降低最为明显,对连作表现出较高的敏感性,根际根外细菌数目减幅分别在第三、四茬时达显著水平。放线菌数量对黄瓜连作反应较小,根际到第四茬减幅才达到了显著水平,而根外在连作四茬过程中均未达显著水平。黄瓜连作致使少数真菌种群富集,同时多种真菌类群数量减少,种群变化呈现单一化趋势。根际土壤微生物主要生理群分析表明,连作导致根际自生固氮菌与好气性纤维素分解菌数目明显下降,硝化细菌数量大幅增加,而氨化细菌数量变化不大。土壤酶活性测定结果表明,土壤过氧化氢酶、酸性磷酸酶活性随连作茬次增加而降低,脲酶活性稍有上升。     

香根草根际AM菌的感染特性

通过对不同种植时间、不同种植基质的香根草Vetiveria zizanioides分株苗、组培苗根际丛枝菌根(AM菌)感染检测,探讨了香根草对AM菌的感染特性.结果表明,在消过毒的森林泥炭土中,组培苗种植12个月感染率只有20.0%,感染强度低;种植22个月只有53.3%,感染强度为中.分株苗种植在自然土壤中,3个月就有AM菌感染,其感染率为56.7%;种植22个月感染率达到最高峰,为80.0%,感染强度为中等;种植时间为33个月时,感染率不再增加,但感染强度进一步增高.说明香根草根际AM菌的感染率和感染强度可能与苗源无关,而与种植基质密切相关.     

小麦根际pH,细菌数量,有机质变化研究

通过研究灰漠上和碱化灰漠上中小麦根际、非根际pH、细菌数量和有机质含量变化,发现两种土壤小麦根际上中细菌数量和有机质含量比非根际上中高。由于较低的pH值,因而灰漠土中小麦根际、非极际土中的有机质含量和细菌数量均高于碱化灰漠土中。     

竹醋液对黄瓜育苗基质和苗期根圈微生物的影响

以黄瓜为试材,研究竹醋液处理黄瓜育苗基质对基质微生物和苗期根圈微生物的影响。结果表明,竹醋液处理育苗基质会增加基质中细菌的数量,减少真菌的数量,而放线菌数量以0.5%处理的最多。所以,0.5%竹醋液灌根,有利于黄瓜根圈细菌、放线菌和真菌的繁殖。     

几种丛生竹根际联合固氮研究

对几种丛生竹种麻竹、吊丝球竹、青皮竹、粉丹竹、马甲竹、绿竹等进行根系固氮能力调查测定 ,用直接法测定 (干根样品 )前 5个种竹种的根系最高固氮酶活性分别为 2 0 .50、2 4 .81、10 .83、7.4 9、2 .4 6nmol(C2 H4 )·g- 1·h- 1,用富集培养法测定 (鲜根样品 )前 5个种竹种的根系平均固氮酶活性分别为 2 75、4 31、169、188、79nmol(C2 H4 )·g- 1·h- 1。不同生境和不同季节丛生竹根系固氮能力的调查显示 ,充足的水分供应、较高的温度及适当施用有机肥有利于竹子固氮。对几种丛生竹种根际不同部位固氮菌数调查测定显示 ,根际固氮菌数最多的竹种是吊丝球竹 ,在根际不同部位固氮菌数由非根际土→根际土→根表→根内依次急剧递增 ,越往内部根际效应越明显。用 2 #、12 #、14#、7#菌及混合菌液对麻竹组培苗进行接种显示 ,接种固氮菌可提高苗木成活率和植株含氮量 ,14#、7#菌和混合菌接种可显著提高麻竹组培苗生物量。     

黄土高原几种乔灌木根区土壤微生物区系研究

采用化学分析、微生物平皿培养及放线菌形态鉴定法，研究了黄土高原安塞试区5种乔灌木根区0－20cm及20－40cm土层17个土样的土壤性质及微生物的数量与组成。结果表明：①黄土高原丘陵沟壑区坡地人工林与无林裸地土壤中仍然生存着数量较多的细菌、放线菌及真菌，其中各类群的数量排序为：细菌＞放线菌＞真菌；②不同树种根区土壤中细菌、放线菌及真菌数量不同，土壤微生物的数量按灌木林＞乔木林排序；③在黄土高原丘陵沟壑区坡地人工林及无林裸地土壤的放线菌组成中，链霉菌属（Streptomyces)占绝对优势，其次为小单孢菌（Micromonospora)和诺卡氏菌（Nocardia)。灌木林根区放线菌数量与种类均多于乔木；④黄土高原“沙刺人工林－微生物－土壤”生态系统微生物数量大，种类较多，生物活性强，对土壤物质转化及肥力提高有明显作用，在恢复黄土高原植被时应作为先锋树种。     

RNA-Seq技术在瘤胃微生物研究中的应用进展

反刍动物瘤胃内多种多样的微生物组成一个复杂的微生态系统,它们在瘤胃内物质消化过程中发挥重要作用。RNA-Seq技术的出现为反刍动物瘤胃微生物的研究提供了前所未有的机遇。本文主要从新一代高通量测序技术出发,阐述RNA-Seq技术在瘤胃微生物代谢酶特性、瘤胃微生物的多样性、瘤胃微生物新功能基因方面的应用,以期为瘤胃微生物的研究提供参考。