Bacillus subtilis PTS-394对番茄根系及根围微生态的影响

为了明确枯草芽孢杆菌(Bacillus subtilis)PTS-394对番茄根系及根围微生态的影响,本研究采用生理生化方法测定了番茄根系活力和根围土壤酶活性,并测定了番茄根冠比及根系周围可培养微生物的数量。结果表明,枯草芽孢杆菌PTS-394能够显著促进番茄根系生长,促进生长率达25%;同时PTS-394还能够提高根系活力,在PTS-394处理后第12 h、24 h,根系活力均比对照显著增高,增高比例分别为17.0%和25.6%,随后根系活力和对照基本持平并保持一致。枯草芽孢杆菌PTS-394的施用对番茄根围土壤中的放线菌具有显著的促进作用,对真菌具有轻微的抑制作用,而对细菌则无明显作用。此外,PTS-394能够促进番茄根围土壤脲酶和土壤蔗糖酶的活性,但其对2种酶的作用均有时效性,其影响会随着时间的变化而逐渐减弱。     

土壤类型对烟田土壤中微生物的影响

对不同类型的烟田土壤中细菌、固氮菌、放线菌及真菌进行分离,对不同微生物种群进行数量和多样性分析.结果表明,不同类型烟田土壤中,黄棕壤中细菌和固氮菌数量均高于紫色土.黄棕壤烟田土壤中细菌、固氮菌、放线菌及真菌变化速率分别高于紫色土中4种微生物变化速率;在黄棕壤烟田土壤中,细菌、固氮菌、放线菌及真菌变化速率呈现递减规律.黄棕壤中4种微生物根土比之和高于紫色土.黄棕壤中细菌与真菌数量的比值(B/F)几乎都高于紫色土.黄棕壤根际土中微生物菌群多样性指数与非根际土中微生物菌群多样性指数之比高于紫色土.     

复合益生菌对蛋鸡消化道微生物区系的影响

为探讨微生态制剂对蛋鸡消化道微生物区系的影响,利用致病性大肠杆菌对产蛋后期的矮小型固始鸡进行攻毒试验。结果表明,试验组蛋鸡的腹泻率明显降低,其胃、小肠、大肠、盲肠内的大肠杆菌数量也比对照组均有所降低(P>0.05),说明微生态制剂对鸡有很好的抑菌保护作用。另外,该复合益生菌可明显地提高鸡胃中乳酸菌的数量(P<0.05),而对肠道中乳酸菌的影响不明显。     

Fertilizer ammonium : nitrate ratios determine phosphorus uptake by young maize plants

We investigated the interacting effects of inorganic nitrogen and the main inorganic phosphorus form in dairy manure (dicalcium phosphate, CaHPO₄) on growth, nutrient uptake, and rhizosphere pH of young maize plants. In a pot experiment, three levels of CaHPO₄ (0, 167, and 500 mg P pot^?1) were combined with nitrogen (637 mg N pot^?1) applied at five NH₄‐N : NO₃‐N ratios (0 : 100, 25 : 75, 50 : 50, 75 : 25, and 100 : 0) and a nitrification inhibitor in a concentrated layer of a typical acid sandy soil from Denmark. ¹⁵N‐labeled NH₄‐N was applied to differentiate the role of nitrification and to partition nitrogen uptake derived from NH₄‐N. Among treatments including nitrogen, shoot biomass, rooting and phosphorus uptake were significantly higher at the five‐leaf stage when CaHPO₄ was applied with NH₄‐N : NO₃‐N ratios of 50 : 50 and 75 : 25. In these treatments, rhizosphere pH dropped significantly in direct proportion with NH₄‐N uptake. The fertilizers in the concentrated layer had a root‐inhibiting effect in treatments without phosphorus supply and in treatments with pure NO₃‐N or NH₄‐N supply. Increased nitrogen uptake as NH₄‐N instead of NO₃‐N reduced rhizosphere pH and enhanced acquisition of applied CaHPO₄ by young maize plants, which may have positive implications for the enhanced utilization of manure phosphorus.     

Pedogenic carbonate recrystallization assessed by isotopic labeling: a comparison of 13C and 14C tracers

The C isotopic composition (δ¹³C) of pedogenic carbonates reflects the photosynthetic pathway of the predominant local vegetation because pedogenic (secondary) CaCO₃ is formed in isotopic equilibrium with soil CO₂ released by root and rhizomicrobial respiration. Numerous studies show the importance of pedogenic carbonates as a tool for reconstructing paleoecological conditions in arid and semiarid regions. The methodological resolution of these studies strongly depends on the time scale of pedogenic carbonate formation, which remains unknown. The initial formation rate can be assessed by ¹⁴C labeling of plants grown on loess and subsequent incorporation of ¹⁴C from rhizosphere CO₂ into newly formed carbonate by recrystallization of loess CaCO₃. We tested the feasibility of ¹⁴C and ¹³C tracers for estimating CaCO₃ recrystallization rates by simultaneous ¹⁴C and ¹³C labeling and comparison with literature data. ¹⁴C labeling was more efficient and precise in assessing recrystallization rates than ¹³C labeling. This is connected with higher sensitivity of ¹⁴C liquid scintillation counting when compared with δ¹³C measurement by IRMS. Further, assessment of very low amounts of incorporated tracer is more precise with low background signal (natural abundance), which is true for ¹⁴C, but is rather high for ¹³C. Together, we obtained better reproducibility, higher methodological precision, and better plausibility of recrystallization rates calculated based on ¹⁴C labeling. Periods for complete CaCO₃ recrystallization, extrapolated from rates based on ¹⁴C labeling, ranged from 130 (125–140) to 240 (225–255) y, while it was ≈ 600 (365–1600) y based on the ¹³C approach. In terms of magnitude, data from late‐Holocene soil profiles of known age provide better fit with modeled recrystallization periods based on the ¹⁴C approach.     

水稻根际氮素状况及其利用

A greenhouse pot experiment was conducted with hybrid rice(Oryza Sativa L.) in order to study N Status and utilization in the rhizosphere of rice,The experiment was composed of three treatments:without N,15NH4-N and 15NO3-N .Plant roots were separated from the soil by a nylon cloth,and 1 mm increments of soil,moving laterally away from the roots,were taken and analyzed for various N froms.The labelled N in the plants ranged from 67\51%to 69.24% of the total amount of N absorbed by the rice seedlings with the labelled fertilizer N treatments.This shows that the N in the Plants came mainly from the fertilizers.However,the N absorbed by the rice seedlings accounted for less than 35% of the total amount of the N depletion in the soil near the rice roots,indicating an important N loss in the rhizosphere of rice.The soil redox potential(all treatments)and the concentration of the labelled NO3-N(the labelled NH4-N treatment only) decreased as the distance from the rice roots increased in the rhizosphere of rice.In contrast,the concentration of the labelled NH4-N increased as the distance uincreased in the same soil zone.These results suggested that nifrification occurred in the soil around the rice roots.Therefore,the reason for the N loss in the rhizosphere of rice might be the NO3 movement into the reductive non-rhizosphere soil(submerged) where denitrification can take place.     

Chromium(Ⅵ) Reduction in Wheat Rhizosphere

Reduction of Cr(Ⅵ) to Cr(Ⅲ) were studied in a fresh wheat rhizosphere soil (Kuroboku, high humic andosol) pretreated with a basal fertilizer consisting of (NH4)2SO4, P2O5 and KH2PO4 and with K2Cr2O7 by using a rhizobox system. It was found that rhizosphere exerted a positive effect on Cr(Ⅵ) reduction.Part of the reason was the decrease of pH in the rhizosphere due to application of (NH4)2SO4, implying that application of physiologically acid fertilizers would reduce Cr(Ⅵ) toxicity to plants.     

Ammonium‐driven nitrification plays a key role in increasing Mn availability in calcareous soils

Background : Manganese deficiency often becomes a yield limiting factor, particularly on calcareous soils, even though the total soil manganese content is usually sufficient. Although it is known that acidifying N fertilizers can improve Mn availability, the reason of this effect is still unknown. Aim : Our aim was to investigate the effect of stabilized ammonium fertilizers as a tool to distinguish between physiological‐ and nitrification‐induced acidification. Method : Two pot experiments with Triticum aestivum L. and one soil incubation experiment using different nitrogen forms (CN = calcium nitrate, AN = ammonium nitrate, AS = ammonium sulfate, ATS = ammonium thiosulfate) with and without addition of nitrification inhibitors (DCD, Nitrapyrin, Piadin, DMPP) were conducted to examine the effect on Mn availability in the soil and Mn uptake by the plants at different development stages (EC 31 und 39). Results : With increasing fertilizer ${\mathrm{NH}}_4^{+}$ content a higher Mn concentration was detected: CN: 32 µg Mn g^?1 DM, AN: 39 µg Mn g^?1 DW, AS: 55 µg Mn g^?1 DM, ATS: 109 µg Mn g^?1 DM. The addition of a nitrification inhibitor resulted in a significantly lower rhizosphere pH compared to the non‐stabilized fertilizer. Surprisingly, the use of different nitrification inhibitors led to unchanged (CN, AN) or lower Mn concentrations of wheat. Especially in the ${\mathrm{NH}}_4^{+}$ treatments (AS and ATS), this negative effect was very evident (AS+DCD: 42 µg Mn g^?1 DM; ATS+DCD: 55 µg Mn g^?1 DM). Conclusions : Mn availability was enhanced by ongoing nitrification process rather than physiological acidification. Compared to other N forms, ammonium thiosulfate led to the highest Mn availability in bulk soil.     

杨(槐)根系淋洗物对槐(杨)根际微区养分状况的影响

采用根垫法分析杨树(刺槐)根系淋洗物对刺槐(杨树)根际微区养分迁移特性的影响,结果表明:浇刺槐根系淋洗物能提高杨树根际微区的NO3--N和NH4 -N水平,降低其N素养分亏缺率,在一定程度上缓解杨树根际微区N素缺乏状况;浇灌杨树根系淋洗物能提高刺槐根际微区的P素(尤其是非闭蓄态无机P)水平,降低其P素亏缺百分率,但效果不明显.     

施用废菌棒对甘蔗菌根、根际微生物和土壤肥力的影响

蔗田施用废菌棒(以蔗渣为培养料种植香菇后的废弃菌棒)后,根系皮层细胞中菌丝、泡囊、丛枝增多.根系皮层及中柱的改变也表现在新根的发生点大量出现.田间观察到甘蔗在生长中后期,新根明显增多.7月份甘蔗根际土壤的固氮菌、有机磷分解细菌、细菌总数比对照的增加6.0-29.4倍.它们的活动可为拔节旺长的甘蔗提供更多养分.10-12月份,纤维分解细菌、有机磷分解菌、固氮菌相应较多,土壤酶活性、土壤有效养分(N、P、K)均显著多于对照,这些微生物类群与甘蔗后期生长及糖的合成、运输关系较密切.