白蚁肠道可培养菌群及其功能初探

白蚁是一种危害严重的昆虫,其以破坏木质而家喻户晓.文献表明,白蚁对木质强大的消化能力很大程度上取决于其肠道微生物的影响.为了探究白蚁肠道微生物的类群,本试验以黑翅土白蚁为材料,分离纯化获得其肠道主要可培养微生物的纯培养112种,其中喜氧菌35种,厌氧菌77种;在分离出的微生物类群中,通过刚果红法初步筛选出12种喜氧菌菌株可能具有纤维素酶活性,其最大透明圈达到4.0㎝×4.0㎝;进一步检测这些菌株的纤维素酶活性发现,12株菌均具有羧甲基纤维素钠盐(CMC-NA)酶活性和滤纸酶活性,但是大部分菌株羧甲基纤维素酶活性较弱,而一些菌株如 NBY14滤纸酶活较高,可达到16.188u/mL.试验结果可为黑翅土白蚁防治提供依据,亦可为纤维素酶的开发利用奠定基础.     

南岭不同林型土壤微生物数量特征分析

调查了南岭小坑森林公园4种典型林型针阔混交林、常绿阔叶林、杉木林、毛竹林,并在不同林型采集土壤样本,分析该地区4种不同林型土壤微生物的种群分布情况.结果表明:(1)不同林型土壤微生物数量存在极显著差异(p<0.001),微生物总数平均值以针阔混交林最高,数量是(40.5±13.4)×105CFU.g-1,毛竹林[(27.9±8.1)×105CFU.g-1]和常绿阔叶林[(30.2±11.0)×105CFU.-g 1]次之,杉木林的数量最少[(17.9±5.8)×105CFU.g-1];(2)不同林型土壤微生物中,各类微生物组成比例不尽相同.从总体来看,以细菌占绝大多数(平均为74.6%),其次是放线菌(平均为13.9%),真菌较少(平均为11.5%);(3)同一林型在不同时间条件下,各种土壤微生物的数量与其占微生物总数的比例均呈现出明显动态变化特征.     

Long-term fertilization leads to specific PLFA finger-prints in Chinese Hapludults soil

Soil microbes play essential roles in the biogeochemical processes of organic carbon and nutrient cycling. Many studies have reported various short-term effects of fertilization on soil microbes. However, less is known about the effects of longterm fertilization regimes on the rhizosphere. Therefore, the objective of this study was to explore how the soil microbial communities in the rhizosphere respond to different long-term fertilization strategies. Based on a 21-year field treatment experiment in Guizhou, China, we extracted phospholipid fatty acids(PLFAs) to determine the microbial community structure in both the non-rhizosphere(NR) and rhizosphere(R). Six treatments were included: no fertilizer(CK), mineral nitrogen fertilizer(N), N with potassium(NK), phosphorus with K(PK), NPK, and NPK combined with manure(MNPK). The results showed that total PLFAs under unbalanced mineral fertilization(N, NK and PK) were decreased by 45% on average in the NR compared with CK, whereas MNPK increased fungi and G~– bacteria abundance significantly in both the NR(by 33 and 23%) and R(by 15 and 20%), respectively. In addition, all microbial groups in the R under these treatments(N, NK and PK) were significantly increased relative to those in the NR, except for the ratio of F/B and G~+/G~–, which might be due to the high nutrient availability in the R. Soil pH and SOC significantly regulated the soil microbial community and structure, explaining 51 and 20% of the variation in the NR, respectively. However, the rhizosphere microbial community structure was only significantly affected by soil pH(31%). We concluded that the soil microbial community in the NR was more strongly affected by long-term fertilization than that in the R due to the rhizosphere effect in the agricultural ecosystem. Rhizosphere nutrient conditions and buffering capacity could help microbial communities resist the change from the long-term fertilization.     

保存过程对土壤生化指标的影响及保存土样的应用

土壤样品的生化指标反映了样品采集时期的生态与环境信息,具有极为重要的科学研究价值。样品的生化指标在保存过程中是否发生变化,是保存样品应用中应关注的重点问题。本文总结了各类土壤生化指标在不同保存条件、保存时间下的变化,表明长期保存的土壤样品适用于全量元素含量测定、土壤微生物群落结构分析、DNA/RNA序列分析、土壤污染物分析和土壤酶活性的比较研究,而土壤速效成分以及呼吸、硝化等代谢过程相关指标则不宜采用保存土样。土样长期保存应采用风干、磨口玻璃瓶密封、常温保存的方式。保存土样应用过程中应注意避免取样、分析时的环境污染,采用合适的分析测试技术,并考虑不同类型土壤保存效应的差异。随着分析技术的发展,保存土样中更多的历史环境信息将得以发掘,发挥出更大的科研价值。     

The microbial diversity and structure in peatland forest in Indonesia

The microbial community structure and function under forest in tropical peatlands are poorly understood. In this study, we investigated the microbial community structure and diversity in natural peat swamp forest soil, disturbed peat soil and mineral soil in Central Kalimantan, Indonesia, using 454 pyrosequencing. The results showed that the natural peat soil had the greatest fungal species richness (Chao1), which was significantly (p < .05) larger than that in the other two soils. Community structure of both fungi and bacteria in natural peat soil differed significantly from that in the disturbed peat soil (p = .039 and p = .045, respectively). Ascomycota (40.5%) was the most abundant phylum across the three soils followed by Basidiomycota (18.8%), Zygomycota (<0.1%) and Glomeromycota (<0.1%). The linear discriminant analysis with effect size (LEfSe) showed that Ascomycota (p < .05) and genus Gliocephalotrichum (p < .05) dominated in natural peat soil. Functionally, pathotrophs were more abundant in disturbed peat soil (p < .05). Proteobacteria (43.8%) were the most abundant phylum followed by Acidobacteria (32.6%), Actinobacteria (9.8%), Planctomycetes (1.7%). Methylocystis, Telmatospirillum, Syntrophobacter, Sorangium and Opitutus were the more abundant genera in disturbed peat soil, whereas Nevskia and Schlesneria were more abundant in mineral soil and natural peat soil, respectively. The natural peat forest soil supported a more diverse microbiology; however, the land use of such a soil can change its microbial community structure. The results provide evidence that the disturbance of tropical peat land could lead to the introduction and spread of a large number of fungal diseases     

Carbon input by plants into the soil. Review

The methods used for estimating below‐ground carbon (C) translocation by plants, and the results obtained for different plant species are reviewed. Three tracer techniques using C isotopes to quantify root‐derived C are discussed: pulse labeling, continuous labeling, and a method based on the difference in ¹³C natural abundance in C3 and C4 plants. It is shown, that only the tracer methods provided adequate results for the whole below‐ground C translocation. This included roots, exudates and other organic substances, quickly decomposable by soil microorganisms, and CO₂ produced by root respiration. Advantages due to coupling of two different tracer techniques are shown. The differences in the below‐ground C translocation pattern between plant species (cereals, grasses, and trees) are discussed. Cereals (wheat and barley) transfer 20%—30% of total assimilated C into the soil. Half of this amount is subsequently found in the roots and about one‐third in CO₂ evolved from the soil by root respiration and microbial utilization of rootborne organic substances. The remaining part of below‐ground translocated C is incorporated into the soil microorganisms and soil organic matter. The portion of assimilated C allocated below the ground by cereals decreases during growth and by increasing N fertilization. Pasture plants translocated about 30%—50% of assimilates below‐ground, and their translocation patterns were similar to those of crop plants. On average, the total C amounts translocated into the soil by cereals and pasture plants are approximately the same (1500 kg C ha^—1), when the same growth period is considered. However, during one vegetation period the cereals and grasses allocated beneath the ground about 1500 and 2200 kg C ha^—1, respectively. Finally, a simple approach is suggested for a rough calculation of C input into the soil and for root‐derived CO₂ efflux from the soil.     

间作小麦根际和土体磷养分的动态变化

 通过田间试验,研究比较了小麦与蚕豆间作和小麦单作环境条件下,小麦根际和土体速效磷养分的动态变化,探讨了小麦单作和小麦与蚕豆间作对小麦根际磷养分的影响。结果表明,单作小麦和间作小麦根际速效磷含量在各生育期呈先升高后降低的变化趋势,土体速效磷含量单作小麦在灌浆期最高,间作小麦在抽穗期最高。小麦蚕豆间作提高了拔节至灌浆期小麦根际速效磷含量,显著降低了成熟期根际速效磷含量和土体磷含量。拔节期、抽穗期、灌浆期小麦根际速效磷含量分别提高了6.81%,8.71%,12.95%,成熟期根际速效磷含量降低了21.11%     

紫云英还田方式对烟田土壤微生物及酶的影响

为探明紫云英不同还田方式对土壤生物学特性的影响,选择合理的还田方式,通过定位试验进行了全层翻耕紫云英覆盖、全层翻耕紫云英深埋和全层翻耕紫云英不还田3种方法对烟草不同生育期的土壤微生物数量、微生物活度和酶活性的影响研究。结果表明:在烟草生育期内,好气性细菌数量呈现前期急速下降,中期缓慢上升,后期稍微波动的趋势,深埋处理都略高于覆盖处理;真菌数量整体呈现上升趋势,紫云英覆盖前期可显著增加真菌数量,深埋对真菌数量影响不大;放线菌数量紫云英还田处理呈现前期下降,中期急速上升,后期缓慢上升的趋势。土壤微生物活度则先下降再持续上升,至烟草成熟期,紫云英覆盖紫云英深埋不还田。土壤纤维素酶活性以旺长期为分界点,表现为前期增加、后期下降的特点,紫云英还田高于不还田;土壤脲酶活性呈现先迅速下降,再缓慢上升,再急速上升的趋势,以紫云英深埋处理的脲酶活性最高;土壤蛋白酶和过氧化氢酶的活性在烟草生育期的变化不大,都表现为早期稍微下降,以后趋于平缓,以紫云英深埋的酶活性较高。土壤生物学综合评价表明,采用全层翻耕紫云英深埋(1500kg/667m2)更利于提高土壤质量。     

生姜根际姜瘟病拮抗菌的筛选及鉴定

从生姜根际土样分离获得了65个细菌分离物和42个放线菌分离物,通过离体拮抗试验,筛选出对姜瘟病有良好拮抗效果的细菌一株,放线菌两株,编号分别为H16-8、WF1和JW02-6。通过形态学观察、生理生化测定以及16S rDNA序列分析,初步确定:H16-8为短短芽孢杆菌(Brevibacillus brevis),WF1为弗雷德氏链霉菌(Streptomyces fradiae),JW02-6为劳伦链霉菌(Streptomyces laurentii)。H16-8、WF1和JW02-6的16S rDNA序列的GenBank登录号分别为:EU812754,FJ972686和FJ972687。     

典型农田根际土壤伯克霍尔德氏菌群落结构及其多样性

在根际环境中伯克霍尔德氏菌(Burkholderiales)是一类重要的植物促生菌,其群落结构变化可能会影响植物的生长和发育。本研究针对伯克霍尔德氏菌目,采用特异性引物16S rRNA基因高通量测序技术,研究了田间条件下黑土、潮土和红壤中玉米根际伯克霍尔德氏菌群落结构及其对地上部作物生物量和产量的可能影响。结果表明:在三种土壤类型中,与未施肥相比,施肥对伯克霍尔德氏菌目的丰富度和多样性均没有显著影响。在伯克霍尔德氏菌的科水平主要检测到三类细菌,分别为草酸杆菌科(Oxalobacteraceae)、丛毛单胞菌科(Comamonadaceae)和伯克氏菌科(Burkholderiaceae),且草酸杆菌科是其中的优势菌。此外,施肥显著增加了有机质含量较低的潮土中马赛菌(Massilia spp.和Massilia sp. WG5)和伯克氏菌(Burkholderiaspp.)的相对丰度(P<0.05);增加了酸性红壤中草螺旋菌(Herbaspirillumsp.ZM319)的相对丰度,但降低了Noviherbaspirillum spp.的相对丰度(P<0.05);而在有机质含...