Varietal traits limiting the grain yield of tropical maize II. The growth and yield of tall and short varieties

Four isogenic varieties with different heights, derived from the Tuxpeño population, were grown in the tropics to evaluate their potential productivity. Short varieties were developed by two means: incorporation of the brachytic-2 gene and current selections of shorter plants.

The tallest, original Tuxpeño produced the highest yield, next was the short-plant selection, while the brachytic varieties yielded least. Yield differences between the original and the short-plant selections were derived from the kernel size and the differences between those and the brachytic varieties, from the number of kernels.

Incorporation of the brachytic gene is unlikely to improve the productivity of varieties because it results in low efficiency of leaves in dry matter production during ripening, caused by the limited sink size and the compact distribution of wide leaves.     

宁夏贺兰山农牧场温室蔬菜根际土壤线虫的初步鉴定

于2009年7~8月,对3种宁夏贺兰山农牧场温室蔬菜即黄瓜、辣椒、茄子的根际土壤线虫进行了取样、线虫分离和形态鉴定等研究。结果表明:该地根际土壤线虫有3个目、3个亚目1、0科1、3个亚科的21个属;在西北地区,由于棚室蔬菜大面积种植为根际土壤线虫的繁殖提供了良好的生活环境,尤其是棚室蔬芽复种指数的增加使得根际线虫的种类和数量逐年增多。     

土壤与基质栽培系统对生菜(Lactuca sativa)根际细菌群落的影响

以生菜（Lactuca sativa）“申选5号”与“罗莎红”为材料,采用PCR-DGGE 和Real-Time PCR 技术,分析了土壤栽培系统和基质栽培系统根际细菌群落的差异。Real-Time PCR 检测结果表明,基质栽培的两个生菜品种根际细菌数量均显著高于土壤（P<0.05）;PCR-DGGE图谱条带结果表明,根际细菌群落多样性基质高于土壤。栽培系统是造成多样性差异的主要原因,但也与品种有关：“申选5 号”基质的Shannon-Wiener 指数（H）,Simpson 指数（D）和均匀度（E）均显著高于土壤（P<0.05）;“罗莎红”基质的H 显著高于土壤,而D和E 无显著差异。结合土壤和基质理化性质的RDA 分析结果,土壤和基质具有不同的细菌群落,pH 值与硝态氮是塑造根际细菌群落的主要因子,含水量、碳氮比和有效磷与细菌群落的形成呈正相关。     

防除滩涂米草入侵的根际缓释方法

为防除滨海滩涂互花米草入侵,探讨根际土壤缓释除草剂的新方法。该研究采用扩散法研究了蛭石、PE膜和合成壳聚糖膜3种缓释材料的根际缓释除草剂的性能,同时,采用根部浸泡试验验证根际施药防除互花米草的效果。结果表明,3种缓释材料的缓释性能差异显著,蛭石对草甘膦控释能力较弱,初始释放农药量最大,释放迅速,适合淤泥质潮滩;PE膜则表现出较强的控释能力,释放量较小,但整个过程释放量较稳定,适合沙质和近根际水体;壳聚糖膜介于两者之间。根部浸泡试验表明,0.25～1.00 g/L草甘膦、0.09～0.23 g/L百草枯、0.28～2.30 g/L草铵膦根部浸泡2～6 d即可显现毒杀互花米草效果,通过饱和土壤一维溶质渗滤模型计算,在点源释放模式下,除草际根部释放点间有效除草间距为50～60 cm。研究证明了根际缓释除草剂防除互花米草具有可行性。     

分子生物学技术在环境微生物检测和污染治理中的应用

综述了聚合酶链式反应技术(PCR)、生物芯片技术、酶联免疫吸附技术(ELISA)、生物传感器4种现代分子生物学技术的基本原理及其在环境微生物检测和治理中的应用,以期为现代分子生物学技术在环境微生物检测和治理中的进一步研究提供参考。     

Effects of Limiting Amino Acids on Rumen Fermentation and Microbial Community In vitro

Three goats fitted with cannula were used to provide rumen liquor to investigate the effects of limiting amino acids on rumen fermentation and microbial community in vitro. The removal method was used in the current experiments. Treatments are total essential amino acid (TEAA), His-removal, Lys-removal, Met-removal, and branch chain amino acid (BCAA)-removal. Results indicated that, pH-value ranged between 5.9 and 6.8, with the highest mean value for the group with BCAA-removal (6.54) in the culture. Concentration of NH3-N ranged between 10.99 to 30.51 mg 100 mL-1, with the group of TEAA recording the highest average NH3-N concentration (17.85 mg 100 mL-1). Yields of microbial protein and limiting degree on microbial growth varied with treatments (P < 0.01), and the lowest accrued in treatment with BCAA-removal (0.1389, 0.1772, and 0.3161 mg mL-1 for bacteria, protozoa, and mixed microbes, respectively), compared to the group with TEAA, microbial production of mixed microbes decreased by 44.52%. As for micro-flora, protozoa to bacteria ratio was the lowe st for the group with Lys-removal (89.12%), while the h i ghe st for the group with B CAA-removal (127.60%) (P < 0.01). Furthermore, PCR-SSCP analysis revealed that, microbial profile subjected to substrates within bacteria and protozoa groups. It was therefore concluded that, dietary amino acid influenced both rumen fermentation and microbial characteristics.     

氢气对植物生理功能的影响及作用机制研究进展

氢气(H_2)作为一种新型抗氧化剂广泛用于临床治疗中且疗效良好。植物体内可产生H_2,且在生长发育和胁迫应答等过程中发挥重要作用。综述了内源性H2在植物中的产生以及外源H_2处理对植物的生长发育、抗逆性、根际微生物和采后保鲜等的影响及其作用机制,并进一步探讨了H_2与其他植物激素和内源性小分子气体的交叉作用,为H_2在植物生理作用中的深入研究和应用奠定理论基础。     

Genetic variability of rhizobacteria from wild populations of four Lupinus species based on PCR-RAPDs§

The metabolic capacities of rhizosphere bacteria can depend on intraspecific genetic variability at strain level. We sampled bacteria from the rhizosphere of three populations of four different Lupinus species at two growth stages (flowering: GS1 and fruiting: GS2). Isolates were identified to the genus level by classical biochemical tests. The most abundant genera found were Bacillus, Aureobacterium, Cellulomonas, Pseudomonas, and Arthrobacter. Genetic divergence of rhizobacteria was tested by PCR-RAPDs. The genetic distances were low, with mean values of 37 % for Bacillus, 25 % for Aureobacterium, 46 % for Cellulomonas, 16 % for Pseudomonas, and 23 % for Arthrobacter. Aureobacterium, the most abundant genus, predominated in the rhizosphere of all populations and at both growth stages (GS1 and GS2) of L. angustifolius. The Aureobacterium strains consisted of 11 groups with 90 % similarity indexes. The cluster analysis of these groups shows that strains isolated from different lupin species and sampling times have extraordinary low diversity indexes, or are even identical. This fact, together with the low genetic distance detected in the rhizosphere, reveals a clear specificity in the plant-bacteria interaction. This specificity could be related with several aspects of plant physiology.