抗病性不同大豆品种根面及根际微生物区系的变化 Ⅰ.非连作大豆(正茬)根面及根际微生物区系的变化

采用平板计数法测定了3个抗病性不同的大豆品种在生育期内根面和根际微生物区系的变化情况,并应用荧光计数法直接测定了根际细菌和真菌的生物量。结果表明,土体的微生物种类最丰富、根际的次之、根面的较单一。播种后从三叶期到鼓粒初期,根面和根际的可培养细菌总数随生育期逐渐增加,鼓粒初期达最大值,而成熟期则有明显的下降;大豆根际细菌生物量也存在相同的变化规律。抗病性不同的大豆品种其根面、根际可培养细菌总数存在差异;抗病品种大豆的根瘤重明显高于感病品种。种植一季后感病品种根际积累的病原生物(镰孢霉Fusarium.sp.和大豆胞囊线虫Heterodera.glycines的胞囊数)明显高于抗病品种。说明大豆根系分泌物对微生物具有选择性的促进或抑制作用,不同大豆品种以及同一大豆品种在不同生育时期根系分泌物的组成和数量不同,从而使大豆根面及根际形成了特定的微生物区系组成。     

Ammonium‐driven nitrification plays a key role in increasing Mn availability in calcareous soils

Background : Manganese deficiency often becomes a yield limiting factor, particularly on calcareous soils, even though the total soil manganese content is usually sufficient. Although it is known that acidifying N fertilizers can improve Mn availability, the reason of this effect is still unknown. Aim : Our aim was to investigate the effect of stabilized ammonium fertilizers as a tool to distinguish between physiological‐ and nitrification‐induced acidification. Method : Two pot experiments with Triticum aestivum L. and one soil incubation experiment using different nitrogen forms (CN = calcium nitrate, AN = ammonium nitrate, AS = ammonium sulfate, ATS = ammonium thiosulfate) with and without addition of nitrification inhibitors (DCD, Nitrapyrin, Piadin, DMPP) were conducted to examine the effect on Mn availability in the soil and Mn uptake by the plants at different development stages (EC 31 und 39). Results : With increasing fertilizer ${\mathrm{NH}}_4^{+}$ content a higher Mn concentration was detected: CN: 32 µg Mn g^?1 DM, AN: 39 µg Mn g^?1 DW, AS: 55 µg Mn g^?1 DM, ATS: 109 µg Mn g^?1 DM. The addition of a nitrification inhibitor resulted in a significantly lower rhizosphere pH compared to the non‐stabilized fertilizer. Surprisingly, the use of different nitrification inhibitors led to unchanged (CN, AN) or lower Mn concentrations of wheat. Especially in the ${\mathrm{NH}}_4^{+}$ treatments (AS and ATS), this negative effect was very evident (AS+DCD: 42 µg Mn g^?1 DM; ATS+DCD: 55 µg Mn g^?1 DM). Conclusions : Mn availability was enhanced by ongoing nitrification process rather than physiological acidification. Compared to other N forms, ammonium thiosulfate led to the highest Mn availability in bulk soil.     

分次施氮对水稻根际土壤微生物生态效应的影响

研究了分次施氮条件，施氮对水稻根际土壤微生物生态效应的影响，结果表明：水稻根际土壤微生物生态效应不仅仅受到根际土壤微生物的影响，同时也受到水稻生长状态的影响。一般来说，水稻生长旺盛的时候，水稻根系与根际土壤微生物竞争营养元素，导致水稻根际微生物活性的下降。在水稻生长周期内，水稻根际土壤微生物生物量C与根际土壤酶等变化不一致。分次施氮条件下，施氮对根际微生物生物量C、磷酸酶、脲酶、总蛋白和总酚有一定的影响，尤其是在水稻生长的后期，4次施氮全部完成后，施氮与不施氮表现出明显的差异。     

Effects of aerobic conditions in the rhizosphere of rice on the dynamics and availability of phosphorus in a flooded soil – A model experiment

The secretion of O₂ by rice roots results in aerobic conditions in the rhizoshere compared to the bulk flooded soil. The effect of this phenomenon on the adsorption/desorption behavior and on the availability of phosphorus (P) in a flooded soil was investigated in a model experiment. An experimental set‐up was developed that imitates both O₂ release and P uptake by the rice root. The results showed that O₂ secretion significantly reduced P adsorption/retention and increased P desorption/release in the “rhizosphere” soil, compared to the anaerobic bulk soil. The P uptake by an anion exchange resin from both unfertilized and P‐amended soil was significantly increased. The results confirm that the O₂ secretion is an important mechanism to enhance P availability and P uptake of rice under flooded conditions, where the “physico‐chemical” availability of P in the anaerobic bulk soil is strongly reduced. The decrease of P availability in the P‐amended flooded bulk soil was mainly associated with the almost complete transformation of the precedingly enriched Al‐P fraction into Fe‐bound P with extremely low desorption/release characteristics during the subsequent flooding.     

新型生物制剂“易丰收”对大豆产量促生效应及根际微生物影响研究

通过大豆‘辽豆20’盆栽试验,研究新型生物制剂“易丰收”对大豆的促生效应以及对根际微生物的影响,并结合芸薹素内酯、复合肥料与其进行对比。此文调查了大豆株高、茎粗、根瘤数等生长指标以及产量构成因素,另外还有根际细菌、放线菌和真菌数量。通过SPSS 13.0统计软件分析数据,可以得出结论。“易丰收”较之芸薹素内酯,更能明显促进大豆的生长发育和产量,显著提高大豆根瘤数量,增加根际细菌数量,尤其配合肥料效果更好。     

山羊瘤胃微生物宏基因组文库中一个新型纤维素酶 基因的克隆与表达

通过功能筛选方法,从安徽白山羊瘤胃微生物宏基因组文库中筛选得到了6个纤维素酶的阳性克隆。对其中的1个阳性克隆进一步进行亚克隆和序列分析,获得一个新型纤维素酶基因开放阅读框,通过BLAST对基因全序列进行分析比较,发现其与来自Bacteroides cellulosilyticus DSM 14838的hypothetical protein具有51%的序列相似性和65%的同源性。并以p ET28a(+)为载体、Escherichia coli BL21(DE3)为宿主菌,对新型酶基因进行高效重组表达,并对该酶表达条件进行优化。     

矿质肥料对杉木苗根区土壤生化性的影响

矿质肥料地施用显著地增加了杉木苗根区土壤的微生物数量，微生物总数３个处理氮，磷钾氮磷钾分别是对照２．２９倍，１．１４倍和２．８９倍，其中细菌增加幅度最大，其次是真菌。矿质矿料对非根区土的微生物数量无明显影响，矿质肥料对杉木苗根区土壤酶活性影响较复杂。脲酶和蔗糖酶的活性不受矿质肥料影响，磷钾和氮磷钾处理均能显著提高蛋白酶活性，单施氮肥能很激活磷酸酶，而氮磷钾混施特别是磷钾混施不仅不能增强其活性，反而     

从3种基质分离的木霉种类鉴定

从福建省的食用菌、植物线虫虫体和植物根际土壤中共分离到125个木霉(Trichoderma)菌株,根据形态学特征和培养性状,鉴定出5种木霉,分别是哈茨木霉(T.harzianum)、绿色木霉(T.viride)、康氏木霉(T.koningii)、拟康氏木霉(T.pseudokoningii)和长枝木霉(T.longibrachiatum).植物根际土壤中的优势种为哈茨木霉和绿色木霉;食用菌上的优势种为康氏木霉和拟康氏木霉;植物线虫虫体上的优势种为绿色木霉.     

根圈深度和水分供给对春小麦生育的影响

通过该项研究表明：根圈深度浅的和无灌水区的土壤ＰＦ值高，其值达到２．３～２．６时作为春小麦需水的田间灌溉指标；单位面积根长、表面积、体积和根干重（根密度则相反）、株高、平均分蘖数，平均穗数随根圈深度的增加而增加，奠定了丰产的物质基础。１０和２０ｃｍ浅根区内实施喷灌比无灌水的植株地上部干物重，开花期分别增加９８和９４ｇ／ｍ￣２，收获期分别增加７４和９３ｇ／ｍ￣２，籽实干物重分别增加２９和４４ｇ／ｍ￣２，干物重比率增加１．８％，穗数增加４３个／ｍ￣２，穗粒数增加１．３和０．６粒，千粒重变幅小，约３３ｇ左右，每亩分别增产１３．９％和１６％。但仍以深根区比浅根区内小麦分别增产５７．８％和２９．５％为高。总之，在浅根区实施喷灌或加深耕层，促进根系发达，是旱作区提高春小麦产量的重要途径。     

氮肥形态对污泥农用土壤中重金属活性及玉米对其吸收的影响

采用根箱试验,研究了不同形态氮肥对污泥处理的根-土界面氮素转化、pH、重金属活性以及植物吸收重金属的影响.结果表明,铵态氮肥能降低根际土壤的pH,提高根际土壤中的重金属活性,促进玉米对重金属的吸收;而硝态氮的作用刚好相反.因此,氮肥形态的选择供应可作为控制作物对重金属吸收的一种措施.