Root Exudates of Rice Cultivars Affect Rhizospheric Phosphorus Dynamics in Soils with Different Phosphorus Statuses

Exudation of organic acids by the roots of three rice cultivars grown in three soils of different phosphorus (P) statuses, and their impacts on the rhizospheric P dynamics and P uptake by the rice plants, were investigated. Quantum root exudates from all the rice cultivars were significantly greater at 21 days after transplantation than at panicle initiation or flowering stages. Malic acid was the most predominant organic acid present in the rice root exudates (10.3 to 89.5 μmol plant^?1 d^?1), followed by tartaric, citric, and acetic acids. Greater exudation of organic acids from rice grown in P-deficient soil by all the rice cultivars suggested response of rice plant to P stress. Results indicate that the release of organic acids in the root exudates of rice plants can extract P from strongly adsorbed soil P fraction, thereby increasing native soil P utilization efficiency and ensuring adequate P nutrition for the growing rice plants.     

Effect of the Substrates on the Production of Engrafted Vine Cuttings in Heated Greenhouses

This article highlights the results of a long-term research project on the production of grape stalks engrafted by the desk method. The integrated impact of rootstock varieties, modes of stratification, and different substrates on vegetating vine cuttings, raised in heated greenhouses, and the capacity of their acclimatization after planting was studied. The results of the research show that rootstock variety and modes of stratification influence the output of engrafted vegetating cuttings of vines grown in pots using various substrates. In particular, the engrafted cuttings of variety Rkatsiteli produced on two rootstocks, 5 BB and 101-14, passed stratification (a) in sawdust with local electroheating, (b) on the water with its periodic change, and (c) in the layer of perlite. After preplanting preparations they were planted in pots with six different substrates: (1) soil (control); (2) perlite; (3) sawdust; (4) rice husk + soil + sand (1:1:1); (5) peat + soil + sand (1:1:1); and (6) mold + soil + sand (1:1:1). The cuttings were grown with a covered root system in a heated greenhouse for 35–40 days. Forty-day-old vegetating cuttings, after hardening, were planted into the open ground. Specialties were established during the root and shoot formation on vegetating nursery plant grafts during the rooting period. Optimal substrates for growing engrafted cuttings with a covered root system in heated greenhouses for each rootstock and stratification mode were determined.     

Soil bulk density corrections for providing a better relationship with root growth in gravelly soil

Abstract

Bulk density of a Tifton (Plinthitic Paleudult; fine loamy, siliceous, thermic) soil containing 5.8 to 11.0% of the sample weight as pebbles was 0.06–0.12 g/cc lower when corrections were made for presence of pebbles or concretions. A method for determining the bulk density of the soil matrix between pebbles or concretions is outlined. After adjustment, the bulk density at which root penetration was inhibited in this soil closely approximated that for soils which do not contain concretions. The proposed procedure reflects more nearly how bulk density changes where plant roots are growing than previously published procedures do.     

贵州花魔芋的组织培养及植株再生体系

为了建立魔芋的组织培养及植株再生体系,促进贵州魔芋产业的发展,以魔芋根状茎为外植体进行组织培养.结果表明:不同外源激素对愈伤组织和根诱导的影响不同,NAA比2,4-D和IBA更有利于愈伤组织的诱导;在改良后的1/2 MS培养基中,KT比6-BA和NAA更有利于根的诱导;愈伤组织诱导培养基为MS+6-BA 2.0mg/L+NAA 0.2mg/L,不定芽诱导培养基为MS+6-BA 4.0mg/L+NAA1.0 mg/L,生根培养基为1/2 MS+KT 0.1mg/L.试验建立了魔芋从外植体到有根苗的组培体系,并移栽组培苗获得了魔芋的小球茎.     

水、氮供应和土壤空间所引起的根系生理特性变化

在限制根系生长的胁迫条件下.,研究了补充和不补充供应水、氮对玉米根系生理特性及养分吸收的影响。结果表明.,正常生长条件下.,水、氮供应促进了根系生长.,增加了根系吸收总面积、活跃吸收面积和TTC还原量.,促进了根系对养分的吸收.,从而提高了产量.;限制根系生长.,水分的作用与正常条件下相同.,氮素的作用则受控于土壤水分。补充灌水增强了氮肥作用.,供氮促进了根系生长.,改善了根系生理特性.,减少了限制根系生长所引起的不良影响.;不补充灌水限制了氮肥作用的发挥.,供氮导致了根系生物量和生理特性下降.,加重了限制根系生长的不良影响。     

Response of potatoes to different nutrient solution management in a closed hydroponic system

Ion control of nutrient solutions to control nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P), and potassium (K) was developed for Superior (medium-to-early maturing) and Atlantic (mid-late) potato cultivars grown in closed hydroponic systems in which solutions were replenished and recirculated. Results were compared with conventional nutrient solution management strategies. In the “solution replacement” treatment, nutrient solutions were completely replaced each week. In the “electrical conductivity (EC) control” treatment, water use by potato plants was compensated by adding ground water to achieve the original volume (water replenishment) and the diluted EC of the solution was adjusted to the target levels using stock solution. In “ion control” treatment, ammonium dihydrogen phosphate (NH₄H₂PO₄) and potassium nitrate (KNO₃) were added to the EC-controlled nutrient solution. The amounts increased with plant age in both cultivars. The concentrations of nitrate (NO₃), P, and K in the ion control nutrient solution could be maintained at target levels. In water replenishment, recycling of nutrient solution resulted in a progressive decrease in EC and an increase in pH. Root activity increased by 93% and 59% in the Superior and Atlantic cultivars, respectively, compared with the nutrient solution replacement. These changes decreased photosynthesis, plant growth, water use, and thus tuber growth in the Superior cultivar. Decreased growth of shoots and tubers occurred without affecting photosynthesis in the Atlantic cultivar. Although there were no significant differences in root activity, photosynthesis, or plant growth between the ion control treatment and the EC control treatment, increased tuber growth was observed in the ion control treatment, possibly as a result of the constant supply of nutrients. High tuber growth and the capability to maintain solution nutrient concentration in the ion control treatment are highly desirable for closed hydroponic systems.     

甘薯病毒病发生关键因素研究

[目的]明确甘薯种薯携带的病毒种类与苗期病毒病发生率和严重度之间的关系,以及甘薯田烟粉虱发生量和带毒率与种薯带毒率之间的关系,建立甘薯苗期病毒病预测预报方法和种薯质量早期预警技术,为甘薯无病毒种薯生产和病毒病防控提供理论依据.[方法]利用PCR和RT-PCR方法对随机采集的不同来源的甘薯种薯进行病毒检测,检测的病毒种类...     

油松根系形态分布的分形分析研究

基于分形理论和管状模型理论建立了油松根系的三维静态模型。根系模型主要建立在根系拓扑、分枝规律、连结长度、连结直径和根系分枝角度基础上。检测模型主要考虑参数α和q。参数α为根系分枝前后的横截面积之比,q定义分枝后新连结的生物量。虽然参数α和q相对于根系直径独立,但是它们的变化可能影响预测的正确性。在植物水平上,模型提供适当的根系干重,根系全长和根系直径的预测。这一静态模型较适合研究成熟根系,与其它模型相比,该模型的主要优点是它的可塑性和易于应用。     

黑龙江省大豆新品系双抗大豆灰斑病、疫霉病鉴定

2005年大豆灰斑病采用田间人工喷雾接种方法、大豆疫霉根腐病采用下胚轴伤口接种方法,对黑龙江省大豆新品系进行大豆灰斑病、疫霉根腐病抗性鉴定筛选研究,从中鉴定出5份抗大豆灰斑病、疫霉病的双抗资源,它们是:合00-23,建99-130,哈交98-5129,哈交20-5489,东农276,及一大批单抗灰斑病、疫霉根腐病的种质.并建立了比较全面的抗性调查评价体系.     

茉莉酸甲酯对葡萄植株不定根发育的影响

利用不同浓度的茉莉酸甲酯（MeJA）对葡萄组培植株进行处理,进而分析其生理及基因表达变化,结果表明MeJA能抑制植株不定根的分化和伸长,诱导根、茎、叶组织中的脱落酸（ABA）含量升高,但降低赤霉素（GA）、生长素（IAA）和细胞分裂素（ZR）的含量,且影响叶片中叶绿素代谢导致褪绿黄化。MeJA能诱导植物体内茉莉酸合成代谢基因表达进而提高内源茉莉酸的含量,诱导ABA合成代谢和信号路径中的基因表达,但是会抑制生长素、赤霉素、细胞分裂素、油菜素内酯合成代谢基因的表达,抑制了与根发育和延伸相关基因VvXET、VvEXPB2、VvEXPA7和VvWUS的表达,进而抑制不定根的发生,导致植物发育缓慢。因此,MeJA通过影响其他激素的合成代谢来调控它们在植物中的含量,导致内源激素不平衡影响植株发育,并调控植株根的发育状态,在不定根发育方面起负向调控作用。