Effect of salinity on growth and energy budget of red and green colour variant sea cucumber Apostichopus japonicus (Selenca)

Sea cucumber, Apostichopus japonicus (Selenca), tolerates salinity fluctuations inhabiting intertide zone. This study deals with growth, food intake, food conversion and the bioenergetic responses of the red variant (wet weight of 2.60 ± 0.11g) and green variant (wet weight of 2.56 ± 0.08 g) A. japonicus to different salinities of 22, 26, 30, 34, and 38 psu at 16.5 ± 0.5°C. The results showed that salinity had a significant effect on specific growth rate (SGR) of both green and red variants A. japonicus (P < 0.05). Both colour variants of sea cucumber had highest SGR at 30 psu, and then decreased when salinity below or above this point. Maximum SGR (the green 1.07 ± 0.08% day^?1, the red 1.14 ± 0.09% day^?1 respectively) is related with maximum food intake (FI) and highest food conversion efficiency (FCE) (P < 0.05) occurring at 30 psu. Only under 22 psu, the green variant grew faster than the red variant (P < 0.05), and under other four salinity treatments there was no significant difference between SGR of two colour variant holothruians (P > 0.05). Values of adaptable salinity scope for green and red variants sea cucumber survival are 18.5~39 psu and 20.9~38.6 psu respectively. The average energy budget formula of sea cucumber at 30 psu was: 100C = 6G +42F +3U+49R (C, energy ingested; G, energy for growth; F, energy loss as faeces; U, energy used for ammonia excretion; R, energy loss for respiration). The sea cucumber had maximum energy ingested (C) and highest proportion of energy for growth (G) at 30 psu, and then decreased when salinity is above or below this salinity. Both red and green variants of A. japonicus deposited for growth were very low, and the energy loss in faeces and energy for respiration accounted for the majority of assimilation energy. The result clearly showed that the optimum condition for farming green and red variants A. japonicus, both with respect growth and energy allocation, is the salinity scope of 26 ~ 30 psu.     

分隔池塘养殖系统研究进展与发展趋势

分隔池塘养殖系统是绿色高效池塘养殖设施研究发展的重点方向之一。提出了分隔池塘养殖系统的定义,阐述了系统设计的原理和国内外发展历程,归纳了标准分隔池塘、简易分隔池塘和流水槽池塘3种国外发展的主要系统模式类型,通过文献收集和实地调研对3种系统模式的研究进展和发展趋势进行了系统的梳理,比较了国内外发展模式的养殖品种、水循环方式、研究概况和产业应用情况,通过进一步讨论分级序批养殖池塘、跑道池养殖池塘2种在国内具备良好发展前景系统模式的优缺点,提出了下一步的研究重点和发展方向,为分隔池塘养殖系统的结构优化和技术提升提供参考。     

Studies on the green liver in cultured red sea bream fed low level and non-fish meal diets: Relationship between hepatic taurine and biliverdin levels

SUMMARY: The aim of this study was to investigate the cause of green liver in red sea bream fed substitute protein diets. Red sea bream Pagrus major was given either of the following diets for 28 weeks: (1) control diet (50% fish meal), (2) low level fish meal diet (15% fish meal), and (3) non-fish meal diet (0% fish meal). The green liver was observed in all groups tested, but the incidence was much higher in the experimental diet groups. The feeding of substitute protein diets reduced plasma triglyceride and cholesterol levels. However, there was no significant difference in plasma hepatic enzyme activities and plasma bile salts concentration among the treatments. Fish fed the substitute protein diets showed low hepatic taurine levels with an appearance of a biliverdin in the liver. Moreover, the proportion of ditaurobilirubin to total biliary bile pigments was significantly lower in fish fed the substitute protein diets. These data indicate that feeding of substitute protein diets did not induce any cholestatic hepatobiliary obstructions and that the low hepatic taurine level was one of the probable factors responsible for the occurrence of green liver in red sea bream fed substitute protein diets.     

秸秆饲料青切揉碎机的设计

根据我国畜牧业发展和秸秆饲料利用现状,研究设计了一种大型、高效秸秆饲料加工机械.该机采用直抛滚筒式切碎装置,增设了对作物秸秆和散干牧草的揉搓作用的击碎和揉碎部件,物料加工质量大大提高.喂入装置采用先进的摆臂浮动辊式喂入机构,性能可靠;同时,增加了牵引机构,可实现流动作业.动力可选配18.4kW柴油机或18.5kW电动机.     

超临界脱除茶叶咖啡因的优化工艺

以完整茶叶为研究对象,通过单因素实验和正交实验研究萃取压力、萃取温度、夹带剂浓度、夹带剂用量4因素对咖啡因脱除率的影响,优化了超临界脱除茶叶咖啡因的工艺条件,即萃取压力35MPa、萃取温度80℃、浓度70%的乙醇作为夹带剂,其用量与茶叶的质量比为1.2∶1时脱除率最高,达到48.96,以此达到提高茶叶品质和价值的目的.     

论促进农机制造业技术创新的对策

在分析我国农机制造业发展现状和存在的问题的基础上,指出我国农机制造业的可持续发展最终要靠技术创新来实现,并提出了促进我国农机制造业技术创新的对策.     

二氧化硅改性处理桉树生材的材性分析

采用溶胶-凝胶法,对含水率142％～146％的速生桉树生材进行改性处理,采用电镜SEM、X-射线能谱仪DAX及红外光谱FTIR分析,观察木材微观结构和SiQ分布状态,并检测理化性能.结果表明:浸渍时间不同,改性材中的SiO2含量和分布不同;改性材的增重率最大达45％,气干密度可提高至0.6 g/cm3左右,抗弯强度、硬度及耐光老化性能等均相应提高.     

杀青方式对机采绿茶理化品质的影响

为了提高茶树机采绿茶杀青品质,以机采鲜叶为原料,比较微波、汽热、电热滚筒和电磁滚筒耦合热风4种杀青方式所制机采绿茶的感官品质、茶叶内含成分、色泽和香气。结果显示：电磁滚筒耦合热风杀青所制绿茶的感官得分（89分）最高,所制干茶的色相值（a/b）相对更绿（p<0.01）,酚氨比较低（p<0.05）,非酯型儿茶素、酯型儿茶素和儿茶素总量也相对较低（p<0.01）;电磁滚筒杀青所制绿茶的栗香型成分含量较高,如藏红花醛、癸醛、β-环柠檬醛、庚醛和3,7-二甲基-2,6-二辛烯醛等高级醛类,香叶基丙酮、β-紫罗酮和1-戊烯-3-酮,反式-2-辛烯醇、芳樟醇、反式-橙花叔醇等,以及二甲硫、2-甲基呋喃和1-乙基吡咯等杂环化合物,说明电磁滚筒耦合热风杀青集成了不同工艺特点,所制机采绿茶滋味鲜爽,栗香明显,该工艺有利于提高机采绿茶品质,对实际生产具有指导作用。     

云南晒青绿毛茶的微生物固态发酵及成分变化研究

研究了添加外源优势菌种固态发酵云南晒青绿茶过程中主要成分的变化规律。结果表明,随着发酵时间的延长,主要的化学品质成分含量均发生了明显变化,以多酚类、儿茶素、茶红素、茶褐素、寡糖和多糖的变化最明显。发酵40天后,多酚类物质下降了约60%,儿茶素类下降了80%,黄酮类下降了55%,茶红素下降了90%,水溶性寡糖下降了65%,水浸出物下降了25%,而茶黄素、水溶性总糖和灰分的变化不大。但茶褐素类物质增加了4.5倍,水溶性多糖也增加了5.7倍。这说明多酚类物质、儿茶素、茶红素、茶褐素类、寡糖及多糖类物质可作为云南普洱茶的特征成分用于品质判定。实验结果还表明,利用优势菌种发酵晒青绿茶可以在短时间内生产熟普洱茶,其理化成分含量可达到陈年普洱茶的水平。实验结果同时还表明,离开了微生物和湿热作用,晒青绿茶是难以形成普洱茶特有品质风格的。     

茶绿色素叶绿素锌钠盐锌代工艺优化研究

采用四因素二次旋转正交回归组合设计方法对茶绿色素叶绿素锌钠盐的锌代工艺进行研究。结果表明：影响茶绿色素叶绿素锌钠盐得率最大的因素为锌代时间,其次为ZnSO₄浓度、锌代温度、及锌代溶液pH值,其最佳制备工艺为溶液pH调至3.0,在72.8℃,用21.5%的ZnSO₄溶液锌代89.6βmin,TGP_-2产品得率可达0.69%。