非班太尔对照品的定值研究

(目的)本文旨在联合使用质量平衡法与差示扫描量热法2种定值方法测定非班太尔对照品的含量。(方法)采用高效液相色谱法测定非班太尔的纯度,采用卡尔费休氏容量滴定法、炽灼残渣检查法、气相色谱法分别测定其水分、灰分和残留溶剂,由质量平衡法公式计算非班太尔对照品的含量;采用差示扫描量热法对非班太尔对照品含量加以佐证。(结果)质量平衡法和差示扫描量热法测定结果经科克伦判定互为等精度,取其算术平均值作为最终定值结果,即非班太尔对照品含量为99.66%。(结论)质量平衡法与差示扫描量热法对非班太尔对照品的定值结果基本一致,2种方法能够更好地保证非班太尔对照品赋值的准确性。     

马铃薯根际器官的呼吸变化

采用改良的桶栽法和排除根系法两种方法测定马铃薯植株在苗期、块茎形成期和块茎膨大期三个阶段根际器官CO2和O2呼吸速率的变化。结果表明:一天之中,马铃薯根际器官的呼吸速率先升高,后降低;O2的呼吸速率和CO2的变化趋势相反;在整个生育期过程中块茎形成期的呼吸速率最大。两种测定方法的根际器官呼吸速率变化趋势一致。     

Rapid salinity changes affect the survival and physiology of a penaeid prawn: Implications of flood events on recruitment to the fishery

Estuaries act as nurseries for many penaeid prawns, but these habitats are highly susceptible to salinity decline through flooding. The rate of salinity decline and duration of exposure to non‐optimal salinity may affect survival and subsequent recruitment of prawns to the fishery. This study aimed to determine the effect of salinity fluctuations observed in local estuaries during flood events using a novel dilution approach. Mortality of juvenile Melicertus plebejus (Hess) was assessed after 24 hr exposure to 24 rates of salinity decline ranging from 0.01% to 20% per hr. After the salinity decline, prawns were held at the final salinities for five days before again assessing mortality as well as aerobic metabolic rate and prawn water content. Salinity decline from 36 to ~0.8 led to 50% mortality, but continued exposure to low salinity for five days increased mortality at this salinity to 99% and shifted the 50% mortality point to salinity ~5. Aerobic metabolic rate and water content data suggested the cause of mortality due to exposure to salinities < 5 was osmoregulatory failure. Rapid salinity declines over 24 hr and sustained low salinity due to flooding could compromise the survival of juvenile prawns, potentially reducing recruitment to the fishery.     

高氧处理对冬枣货架期呼吸强度及品质变化的影响

该文研究了-2℃低温下用70％O₂、100％O₂分别处理冬枣7 d、15 d后，在20℃货架期期间果实的呼吸强度和品质变化。研究结果表明，70％O₂＋7 d处理促进了冬枣货架期呼吸强度的升高，100％O₂＋15 d处理能极显著抑制冬枣的呼吸强度。70％O₂处理7 d和15 d，或100％O₂处理15 d有利于冬枣果实货架期硬度的保持，但对可溶性固形物含量(SSC)的变化没有明显影响。100％O₂处理7 d和15 d均有利于Vc的保持，而70％O₂处理则促进了Vc的降解。高氧处理抑制了PPO活性的上升，100％O₂处理的效果更加明显。高氧处理15 d对抑制冬枣货架期腐烂有一定作用，但抑制效果仍不理想。总体来看，在低温下用100％O₂处理15 d，有利于提高冬枣果实在货架期期间的保鲜效果。     

灌溉和翻耕对土壤呼吸速率的影响

[目的]通过一个灌溉和翻耕循环时段的土壤呼吸测定,了解灌溉和翻耕后土壤呼吸的变化规律。[方法]利用闭合动态法（LI-Cor6400）在晋中盆地进行了灌溉和翻耕条件下土壤呼吸的比较测定。[结果]试验结果表明,在温度相同的条件下,灌溉和耕作能明显增强土壤呼吸。灌溉地土壤呼吸的平均值大约是未灌溉地的2.3-2.4倍。耕作地土壤呼吸的平均值大约是未耕作地的1.9-2.0倍。灌溉处理的土壤呼吸值是对照的3.0倍左右。t检验表明,对照和灌溉处理之间的土壤呼吸差异均为极显著。[结论]灌溉和翻耕均能明显增强土壤呼吸。     

环境与生物因子对土壤呼吸及其组分的影响

生态系统呼吸中土壤呼吸的不确定性最大。文中阐述了环境与生物因子如土壤温度、湿度、理化性质、大气CO₂浓度、生物因子及人类活动对土壤呼吸及其组分产生的影响, 并对未来相关领域的研究进行了展望。     

小兴安岭天然针阔混交林择伐后土壤呼吸动态变化

采用LI-8100土壤CO2排放通量全自动测量系统,针对小兴安岭带岭林业局东方红林场不同择伐强度的针阔混交林样地,测定林地生长季土壤呼吸速率以及10cm土深处的温度和湿度,探讨生长季土壤呼吸的日变化、季节变化和年通量。结果表明：土壤呼吸日变化动态与土壤温度日变化动态基本一致,呈明显的单峰曲线。采伐强度不同间接影响着土壤呼吸速率。研究表明：针阔混交林土壤呼吸速率均值在0．6—8．2μml·m^-2·s^-1之间,高于同纬度其他地区;雨季（6月、7月、8月、9月）土壤呼吸明显大于旱季（5月、10月、11月）;针阔混交林生态系统土壤呼吸不同月份通量值在1．68～18．82mol·m^-2之间,最大值和最小值分别出现在7月和11月。与北半球温带森林生态系统土壤呼吸变化趋势基本一致。2006年针阔混交林生态系统土壤呼吸通量为84．37mol·m^-2,与朝鲜半岛硬阔混交林土壤呼吸相似,但比一些热带地区的结果偏大。     

长期定位耕作方式下冬小麦田根系呼吸对土壤呼吸的贡献

为探讨长期定位耕作方式对冬小麦田土壤呼吸以及根系呼吸的影响,研究根系呼吸对土壤呼吸的贡献,基于设在山东农业大学农学实验站的长期保护性耕作定位试验（始于2002年）,包括常规秸秆还田（PC）、免耕秸秆还田（PZ）、深松秸秆还田（PS）和旋耕秸秆还田（PR）4种处理,采用静态箱法测定和分析麦田土壤呼吸及水热因子,并利用根去除法研究根系呼吸对土壤呼吸的贡献。结果表明,不同耕作方式下根系呼吸与土壤呼吸的变化趋势相同,即在冬小麦整个生育期内,土壤呼吸与根系呼吸速率均呈“低-高-低”的趋势。各处理之间的土壤呼吸速率差异显著,与PC相比,PZ、PS、PR的土壤呼吸速率分别降低37.2%、17.0%、15.4%,PC、PZ、PR的根系呼吸速率较PS相比分别下降了9.4%、24.3%、22.4%。在冬小麦生育期内,根系呼吸占土壤呼吸的比例呈双峰型,比例波动为21.7%~82.0%,均值为49.1%,总体表现为PZ > PS > PR > PC。土壤呼吸与10 cm土层地温呈极显著正相关（P<0.01）,而与土壤湿度未达到显著相关。研究表明,与PC相比,长期定位耕作方式中PZ和PS可以降低麦田的土壤呼吸速率,减少麦田土壤的碳排放,并且可以提高根系呼吸对土壤呼吸的贡献,其中PS的根系呼吸速率最高,更有利于作物的生长。     

华北山地不同植被类型土壤呼吸特征研究

为准确揭示华北山地不同植被类型的土壤呼吸差异,该文利用LI-8100开路式土壤碳通量测量系统,于2006年6—8月测定并分析了太行山北段百花山区域5种典型植被类型的夏季土壤呼吸昼夜变化状况。结果显示,不同植被类型的土壤呼吸速率昼夜变化都表现为单峰曲线;农田和退耕地的土壤呼吸速率最高值、最低值以及日变化幅度都比天然灌木林、人工油松林和刺槐林的高;在全天CO2释放量方面,天然灌木林、人工油松林、人工刺槐林、退耕地和农田分别是5.44、6.28、6.27、7.71和10.92 g/(m2·d);各样地的群落生物量、土壤有机碳含量、土壤5 cm处温度、近地面大气气压、湿度和CO2浓度等环境因子都对土壤呼吸速率具有明显的影响。不同植被类型土壤呼吸的分析结果表明,研究地自然状态下的天然灌木林土壤全天CO2释放量最低,人工针叶林和阔叶林略高出自然状态下的土壤,三者之间的差异较小;农田的释放量是自然状态下土壤的2倍以上,退耕行为和营造人工林有助于降低土壤CO2释放量。      

Carbon fluxes in soil food webs of increasing complexity revealed by C labelling and C natural abundance

Soil food webs are mainly based on three primary carbon (C) sources: root exudates, litter, and recalcitrant soil organic matter (SOM). These C sources vary in their availability and accessibility to soil organisms, which could lead to different pathways in soil food webs. The presence of three C isotopes (¹²C, ¹³C and ¹⁴C) offers an unique opportunity to investigate all three C sources simultaneously. In a microcosm experiment we studied the effect of food web complexity on the utilization of the three carbon sources. We choose an incomplete three factorial design with (i) living plants, (ii) litter and (iii) food web complexity. The most complex food web consisted of autochthonous microorganisms, nematodes, collembola, predatory mites, endogeic and anecic earthworms. We traced C from all three sources in soil, in CO₂ efflux and in individual organism groups by using maize grown on soil developed under C₃ vegetation and application of ¹⁴C labelled ryegrass shoots as a litter layer. The presence of living plants had a much greater effect on C pathways than food web complexity. Litter decomposition, measured as ¹⁴CO₂ efflux, was decreased in the presence of living plants from 71% to 33%. However, living plants increased the incorporation of litter C into microbial biomass and arrested carbon in the litter layer and in the upper soil layer. The only significant effect of food web complexity was on the litter C distribution in the soil layers. In treatments with fungivorous microarthropods (Collembola) the incorporation of litter carbon into mineral soil was reduced. Root exudates as C source were passed through rhizosphere microorganisms to the predator level (at least to the third trophic level). We conclude that living plants strongly affected C flows, directly by being a source of additional C, and indirectly by modifying the existing C flows within the food web including CO₂ efflux from the soil and litter decomposition.