毛竹水解渣木质素氢解制备芳香化学品

以毛竹水解渣为原料,分别采用过氧化氢法和甲醇法提取木质素,在相同的反应条件下对比了两种木质素转化及产物分布的结果,并进一步优化了过氧化氢法提取的木质素的氢解转化最优条件.研究结果表明:温度为220℃,反应时间60 min时,过氧化氢木质素可以全部转化为可溶物,单体收率为14.85％;甲醇法提取的甲醇木质素,转化产物中可...     

食（药）用菌菌糠对砂壤土团聚体性状的影响

为探明不同碳氮比的食（药）用菌菌糠对土壤团聚体的作用效果,采用室内恒温培养试验研究了添加香菇菌糠、灰树花菌糠和双孢菇菌糠对砂壤土水稳性团聚体组成和性状的影响。结果表明：3种供试菌糠都能够有效增大砂壤土团聚体的平均重量直径,增加幅度香菇菌糠(206.8%)>双孢菇菌糠(81.8%)>灰树花菌糠(54.5%),添加香菇菌糠使土壤团聚体性状评级从较差提升到了良好至优级别。香菇菌糠处理的团聚体性状都随着的添加量和培养时间显著提升,团聚体性状指标的增加主要与<0.25 mm团聚体通过团聚作用向大团聚体转化有关;灰树花菌糠处理团聚体性状指标的增加则是<0.25 mm团聚体在真菌菌丝的缠绕作用下在短时间内形成较大团聚体,新形成的团聚体稳定性较差;而双孢菇菌糠处理中,0.25～1 mm团聚体向3～5 mm较大团聚体的转化对团聚体性状指标的提升起到重要作用。不同菌糠对砂壤土团聚体性状的改善能力有着很大差异,菌糠的碳氮比是影响其对土壤团聚体性状改善效果的重要因素。菌糠碳氮比过高导致其对团聚体性状的改善作用仅具有短效机制,形成的团聚体不具有长效稳定性;而菌糠碳氮比过低则达到改善效果所...     

种畜场沼气工程综合利用分析

对种畜场沼气工程的工艺及发酵残余物的综合利用进行分析,工程采用的"固液分离 水解预酸化 CSTR消化 沼肥综合利用"路线,取得了较好的处理效果,既获得优质沼气燃料,又合理利用沼气发酵残余物,实现了养猪废水的零排放。     

HACCP体系在冷冻干燥小香葱中的应用效果--浅析农药残留量快速检测

在冷冻干燥小香葱产品执行HACCP体系后,对原料葱农药残留快速检测数据以及成品葱农药残留量GC检测数据进行收集、整理、统计分析,得出成品农药残留量明显地降低,其中甲胺磷、毒死蜱、敌敌畏、氯氰菊酯、氰戊菊酯5种重点控制的农药达标率相对于欧盟标准为84%,日本标准为91%,国际标准为97%,美国标准为100%,证明了HACCP的有效性,并指出其不足之处.     

Nitrogen and sulphur management: challenges for organic sources in temperate agricultural systems

Abstract. A current global trend towards intensification or specialization of agricultural enterprises has been accompanied by increasing public awareness of associated environmental consequences. Air and water pollution from losses of nutrients, such as nitrogen (N) and sulphur (S), are a major concern. Governments have initiated extensive regulatory frameworks, including various land use policies, in an attempt to control or reduce the losses. This paper presents an overview of critical input and loss processes affecting N and S for temperate climates, and provides some background to the discussion in subsequent papers evaluating specific farming systems. Management effects on potential gaseous and leaching losses, the lack of synchrony between supply of nutrients and plant demand, and options for optimizing the efficiency of N and S use are reviewed. Integration of inorganic and organic fertilizer inputs and the equitable re-distribution of nutrients from manure are discussed. The paper concludes by highlighting a need for innovative research that is also targeted to practical approaches for reducing N and S losses, and improving the overall synchrony between supply and demand.     

拟除虫菊酯类农药微生物降解研究进展

拟除虫菊酯类农药是杀虫剂中的第三大类,这类农药残留已成为目前农产品中的主要农药残留类型之一。而微生物在降解农药残留中具有重要的作用,微生物降解技术已成为去除农药残留的绿色生产技术。拟除虫菊酯类农药的微生物降解国内外已有的研究主要集中在降解现象,菌株的分离、鉴定及生理生化特性,酶学,不同光学异构体的降解、降解途径等方面,本文对此进行了较详细的回顾,并对将来的研究方向进行了展望。     

苹果中有机氯农药残留的超声波去除条件优化

中国是世界苹果第一生产大国,但中国苹果出口仅占世界贸易量的不足10%,其主要制约因素是安全性,其中农药残留是主要原因之一。论文采用响应曲面法对超声波去除苹果中有机氯农药残留的工艺条件（功率、时间、温度）及其交互作用进行了优化,并就超声波处理对苹果主要品质指标的影响进行了分析。结果表明：超声波去除苹果中有机氯农药残留的适宜工艺参数为：超声波功率为609.16 W,时间为70.46 min,温度为15.45℃,去除率可达到64.32%;超声波处理对苹果的硬度没有显著性影响;对苹果的总糖、总酸具有一定的显著性影响,但没有超出国家标准及主要出口国苹果标准的要求。超声波处理简单快速,能有效去除苹果中有机氯农药的残留,极大提高苹果的安全性,很容易和现有鲜果清洗、分级、打蜡生产线耦合链接,其产业化应用前景极为广阔。     

Shifts in amino sugar and ergosterol contents after addition of sucrose and cellulose to soil

An incubation experiment with organic soil amendments was carried out with the aim to determine whether formation and use of microbial tissue (biomass and residues) could be monitored by measuring glucosamine and muramic acid. Living fungal tissue was additionally determined by the cell-membrane component ergosterol. The organic amendments were fibrous maize cellulose and sugarcane sucrose adjusted to the same C/N ratio of 15. In a subsequent step, spherical cellulose was added without N to determine whether the microbial residues formed initially were preferentially decomposed. In the non-amended control treatment, ergosterol remained constant at 0.44 μg g⁻¹ soil throughout the 67-day incubation. It increased to a highest value of 1.9 μg g⁻¹ soil at day 5 in the sucrose treatment and to 5.0 μg g⁻¹ soil at day 33 in the fibrous cellulose treatment. Then, the ergosterol content declined again. The addition of spherical cellulose had no further significant effects on the ergosterol content in these two treatments. The non-amended control treatment contained 48 μg muramic acid and 650 μg glucosamine g⁻¹ soil at day 5. During incubation, these contents decreased by 17% and 19%, respectively. A 33% increase in muramic acid and an 8% increase in glucosamine were observed after adding sucrose. Consequently, the ratio of fungal C to bacterial C based on bacterial muramic acid and fungal glucosamine was lowered in comparison with the other two treatments. No effect on the two amino sugars was observed after adding cellulose initially or subsequently during the second incubation period. This indicates that the differences in quality between sucrose and cellulose had a strong impact on the formation of microbial residues. However, the amino sugars did not indicate a preferential decomposition of microbial residues as N sources.     

原料差异对厌氧消化微生物群落的影响

以餐厨垃圾、果蔬垃圾、麦秸3种不同原料分别进行厌氧消化,研究了各反应器在最佳运行条件下的消化特性和微生物群落组成。结果表明：VS产气率由高到低依次为餐厨垃圾（756.4mL·g-1VS-1）、麦秸（696.5mL·g-1VS-1）和果蔬垃圾（433.5mL·g-1VS-1）,甲烷含量在51.5%～55.1%之间,利用PCR-DGGE技术系统地分析了不同原料消化系统内细菌和古菌的群落结构构成及差异。结果表明,虽然3组样品中细菌和古菌的群落存在相同的优势微生物,但其数量和群落结构差异也较为明显,细菌中以拟杆菌（Bacteroidetes）以及古菌中甲烷鬃菌属（Methanosaeta）和甲烷螺菌属（Methanospirillum）均为样品共有的优势微生物。     

橙汁加工过程对农药炔螨特残留的影响

为弄清橙汁加工过程中农药炔螨特残留的动态,通过田间喷施浓度为5倍于最高推荐剂量的农药溶液以强化炔螨特在甜橙上的残留,然后按照橙汁商业化加工过程进行加工,采用QuEChERS前处理技术结合气相色谱-串联质谱法检测炔螨特的含量,来考察橙汁商业化加工过程对炔螨特残留的影响。结果表明:炔螨特残留主要分布于甜橙果皮中,果肉中炔螨特的残留量不足全果的5%。清洗能除去全果中32.5%的炔螨特残留。初榨果汁、精滤果汁、非浓缩橙汁(NFC橙汁)和浓缩橙汁中的残留量分别为原料果的1.98%、1.95%、1.73%、1.37%,其中NFC橙汁和浓缩橙汁的加工因子分别为0.0173和0.0137,但炔螨特在果渣和精油中发生富集,加工因子分别为1.2822和18.4947。研究结果为橙汁加工工艺的优化和炔螨特残留的膳食暴露评估提供参考。