Growth regulators for cereal and oil crops on the basis of 2,3‐dichloroisobutyric acid and chlormequat chloride and residue analyses of both agents in the grain of oat

Field plot experiments were established for studying the influence of growth regulators MLU 208, MLU 2081 [various mixtures of 2,3‐dichloroisobutyric acid (DCiB) with chlormequat chloride (CCC)] and CCC on length of shoot axis, susceptibility to lodging and grain yield of oat (Avena sativa L.) and oil seed rape (Brassica napus L.). Apart from this, oat grains were analysed for residues of both agents. With the lodging‐resistant oat varieties ‘Alfred‘ and ‘Solidor‘, MLU 208 and MLU 208L caused stem reductions of 10% and yield increases up to 6.5% despite the fact that the untreated controls showed hardly any lodging. CCC, applied as comparative treatments, had no yield‐increasing effect although a stem reduction of approx. 8% was recorded. Tests with ‘Samantra‘, a variety of poor culm stability, gave culm reductions of 10%, prevented lodging and increased grain yields by 7—9.5%. Applying preparation MLU 2081 to winter oil seed rape prior to flowering shortened the stem by 8—11% and contributed to a grain yield increase of about 5—8%. In case of early (EC 31/32) and also late (EC 45) application of the preparations MLU 208 and MLU 208L detectable DCiB‐residues of about 0.1 mg·kg⁻¹ were measured consistently. CCC residues increased with increasing dosage to 0.36 mg·kg⁻¹, in case of later application up to 0.43 mg·kg⁻¹. Less CCC residues were recorded in times of high precipitation or intensive irrigation. The permitted maximum concentration of 5 mg·kg⁻¹ CCC residues in the grain were reached in no case.     

The Persistence and Fate of Malathion Residues in Stored Beans (Phaseolus vulgaris) and Maize (Zea mays)

Two experimental models simulating the traditional storage conditions prevalent in Kenya, i.e. the open basket model and the modern wooden box model, were used to study the rate of dissipation and fate of malathion residues in maize grains and beans stored for periods of up to one year at ambient temperatures averaging 23°C. The grain samples were initially treated with 10·36 mg kg⁻¹ of radiolabelled malathion dust prior to storage and portions analysed at regular intervals for malathion, malaoxon and the transformation products isomalathion, malathion α-monocarboxylic acid and malathion β-monocarboxylic acid using a combination of chromatographic, radioisotopic and mass-spectrometric techniques. The findings showed a gradual penetration of malathion into the grains in amounts which were slightly higher in maize than in beans irrespective of the method of storage. After 51 weeks of storage, 34–60% of the initial residues persisted in all the grains. The total residual levels were slightly higher in beans than in maize irrespective of the storage methods though the persistence was a little higher in the wooden box than in the open basket. The rates of dissipation of the pesticide from the grains decreased with storage time and followed a biphasic pattern. Applying first-order reaction kinetics, the following half-lives were obtained: maize grains stored in open basket: 194 days; maize grains stored in closed wooden box: 261 days; beans stored in open basket: 259 days; beans stored in closed wooden box: 405 days. Beans stored in the wooden box had higher levels of bound residues than those sampled from the open basket. This trend was similar in maize grains although the concentrations were lower. The analysis of malathion metabolites confirmed the degradation trend of the residues.     

HPLC/MS法对呋喃唑酮及其代谢物AOZ在罗非鱼体内残留研究

采取高效液相色谱(HPLC)与质谱(MS)连用技术研究呋喃唑酮[3 (5 硝基糠醛缩氨基) 2 唑烷酮]及其主要代谢产物3 氨基 2 唑酮(AOZ)在罗非鱼体内的残留规律。该方法对呋喃唑酮及其代谢物AOZ的检出限分别为10μg/kg、1μg/kg。给罗非鱼投喂剂量为30mg/(kg·d)的呋喃唑酮药饵7d.结果表明,罗非鱼肌肉中呋喃唑酮和AOZ的含量分别在停药6h后和停药"零时"达到最高,分别为413.00±91.68μg/kg、31.15±9.68μg/kg,24h后呋喃唑酮含量就低于检出限,而肌肉中AOZ的含量在528h后才低于1μg/kg。鱼肌肉中呋喃唑酮和AOZ的消除半衰期分别为9.34h、38.2h,平均消除速率分别为22.7μg/(kg·h)、0.058μg/(kg·h)。由实验结果可以看出,鱼肌肉中呋喃唑酮代谢很快,而AOZ却很难消除。考虑到呋喃唑酮的代谢物AOZ在罗非鱼体内不容易消除,在本实验条件下,建议给罗非鱼投喂呋喃唑酮药饵的停药期至少在22d。     

Relationship between azinphos-methyl usage and residues on grapes and in wine in Australia

Azinphos-methyl was applied to Shiraz winegrapes by commercial high-volume and hand-held sprayers during seasons 1993/94 and 1994/95. Residue levels in grapes resulting from treatments applied by commercial sprayer were below the maximum residue level (MRL) of 2 mg kg^-1 for grapes in Australia, whereas residues resulting from treatments applied by hand-held sprayer still exceeded the MRL five weeks after final application. There was a strong correlation for most treatments between treatment concentration of azinphos-methyl and residue level in grapes, and in wine made from treated grapes. Applied at the recommended rate (1·2 g litre^-1 wettable powder (WP) and 2·4 ml litre^-1 suspension concentrate (SC)) by commercial high-volume sprayer, azinphos-methyl residue levels in wine were well below the MRL, and below the MRLs of most importing countries, except Denmark and Sweden. When applied by hand-held sprayer, residue levels in wine were 5·9–29·6 fold higher than those previously obtained by commercial application of insecticide. Since wines are often blends from different grape blocks and grape-growing districts, in practice, this is unlikely to be of concern. Wine made from grapes treated by commercial sprayer showed no detectable residues of azinphos-methyl after one year of storage. In both years, residue levels in grapes of both formulations of azinphos-methyl fluctuated during the five-week post-treatment period, although there was an overall downward trend. Previously unrecorded systemicity in azinphos-methyl was demonstrated in laboratory studies with barley seedlings, and this may explain these fluctuating data in grapes. The reduction of azinphos-methyl residues in grapes over time appears to be a complex phenomenon involving translocation of active ingredient combined with an increase in the size and weight of berries, producing fluctuating residue levels. © 1998 SCI     

四环素药渣残留量的测定

采用高效液相色谱-紫外检测方法建立了四环素药渣残留量测定的分析方法。四环素药渣以乙醇提取,石油醚脱脂。在最优化色谱条件下（甲醇∶水=50∶50（体积比）作为流动相;检测波长为361nm;流速为0.9mL/min）,四环素在6min内检出。四环素的线性范围为1.5～6.0mg/L,相关系数为0.993 0。将该方法应用于四环素药渣残留测定上,回收率介于98.1%～99.8%之间,效果较好。     

干法半干法脱硫灰及其焙烧产物在农业上应用的安全有效性研究评价

通过对邯郸马头电厂、广州恒运电厂的2种脱硫灰以及广州恒运电厂脱硫灰与钾矿石高温焙烧产物进行了物理特性和化学成分分析,并在不同pH值下进行了浸出实验,对可溶的有效元素、微量元素特别是重金属的含量进行分析比较,对3种实验样品农业应用的安全有效性进行了研究评价.结果表明,3种样品的重金属As、Cr、Cu、Mo、Ni、Pb、Zn、Cd含量均远远小于国家标准.得出可以在农业上的安全使用;样品中的有效元素Ca、Mg、Fe、Al、Na、Si的含量均在0.01%～1%之间,尤其是钾元素,实验浸出值在5%左右,可以在农业上得到有效的利用,因此在农业上应用有一定的有效性.     

巢湖东半湖沉积物中有机氯农药的残留特征及风险评价

采样测定了巢湖东半湖4个样点的表层沉积物中有机氯农药(OCPs)的含量.结果表明,11种有机氯农药在样品中被检出,总含量为8.26～31.73 ng·g~(-1);OCPs在沉积物中的垂直分布从上往下大体呈递减趋势;且OCPs的最高含量都出现在上层沉积物中,说明巢湖东半湖沉积物中有机氯农药主要集中在0～3 cm的表层.根据分析,DDTs来自于早期残留或者施用农药后的长期风化残留.沉积物风险评估表明,巢湖东半湖表层沉积物中的有机氯农药存在一定的生态风险.     

Mixing groundnut residues and rice straw to improve rice yield and N use efficiency

Groundnut as a pre-rice crop is usually harvested 1–2 months before rice transplanting. During this lag phase much of N in groundnut residues could be lost due to rapid N mineralization. Mixing of abundantly available rice straw with groundnut residues may be a means for reducing N and improve subsequent crop yields. The objectives of this experiment were to investigate the effect of mixing groundnut residues and rice straw in different proportions on (a) growth and yield of succeeding rice, (b) groundnut residue N use efficiency and (c) N lost (¹⁵N balance) from the plant–soil system and fate of residue N in soil fractions. The experiment consisted of six treatments: (i) control (no residues), (ii) NPK (at recommended rate, 38 kg N ha⁻¹), (iii) groundnut residues 5 Mg ha⁻¹ (120 kg N ha⁻¹), (iv) rice straw 5 Mg ha⁻¹ (25 kg N ha⁻¹), (v) 1:0.5 mixed (groundnut residues 5 Mg: rice straw 2.5 Mg ha⁻¹), and (vi) 1:1 mixed (groundnut residues 5 Mg: rice straw 5 Mg ha⁻¹). After rice transplanting, samples of the lowland rice cultivar KDML 105 were periodically collected to determine growth and nutrient uptake. At final harvest, dry weight, nutrient contents and ¹⁵N recovery of labeled groundnut residues were evaluated.     

Modeling the impacts of contrasting nutrient and residue management practices on grain yield of sorghum (Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench) in a semi-arid region of Ghana using APSIM

The cropping systems model APSIM (Agricultural Production Systems sIMulator) was applied to assess the response of sorghum grain yield to inorganic fertilizers applications and residue retention in diverse farmers’ management systems (homestead fields and bush farms). The model was parameterized using data collected from experiments under optimum growth conditions (limited water or nutrient stress). Independent data from field experiments with three levels of P and four levels of N fertilizers conducted at two different locations and soils were used to evaluate the model. Soil water and fertility parameters measured were used for simulations while same starting conditions were assumed for unmeasured parameters for all trials. APSIM predicted the grain yield response of sorghum to both N and P applications with an overall modified internal coefficient of efficiency of 0.64. Following model parameterization, a long-term simulation study was conducted using a stochastic weather data derived from historical weather data to assess the effects of crop residue management on grain production. A gradual decline in sorghum grain yield was simulated over the 30-year simulation period in both the homestead fields and the bush farms, with yields being much lower in the latter under farmers’ management practices. Half the amount of mineral N fertilizer used in the bush farms was needed in the homestead fields to produce the average grain yields produced on the bush farm with full fertilization, if crop residues were returned to the fields in the homestead. Year-to-year variability in grain yield was consistently higher with the removal of crop residues, irrespective of management systems. APSIM was responsive to both organic and inorganic fertilizer applications in the study area and also highlighted the essential role of crop residues and inorganic fertilizer in influencing the temporal sorghum grain production and hence the impact of farmers’ management practices on food security. This was evident in the rapid decline in soil organic carbon (SOC) accompanied by a decline in grain yield over the 30 years of cropping. The use of inorganic fertilizer and retention of crop residues (SOC) are critical for attaining food security in the study area.     

Effect of different formulations on tebuconazole residues in stone fruits

BACKGROUND: The correlation between pesticide residue levels and formulation of an active substance is often not considered, even if it is reasonable to expect some differences arising from behaviour during dilution and spraying, from adhesion to plant and from degradation. An experimental study to investigate the magnitude of tebuconazole residues as a function of different tebuconazole formulated products was carried out in Italy. The fungicide was applied as wettable powder (WP) and water‐dispersible granule (WG) formulations to peach, plum, apricot and nectarine orchards, on four different sites. The fruit samples gained from the field trials were quantitatively analysed by gas chromatography with a nitrogen phosphorus detector (GC/NPD) for tebuconazole residues. RESULTS: Tebuconazole residues in the fruits gained from the plot treated with the WP formulation, 14 days after application, were in the range 0.01–0.07 mg kg^?1, while corresponding residues in the plot treated with the WG formulation were in the range 0.01–0.06 mg kg^?1. CONCLUSION: No significant differences in the residue levels of tebuconazole could be observed between the trials conducted with the WP and the WG formulation. Copyright © 2009 Society of Chemical Industry