一个重要的精子受体—猪透明带糖蛋白β-D-半乳糖残基

 【目的】证明末端半乳糖残基在猪透明带糖蛋白中的分布以及它在精子结合和侵入中的作用。【方法】体外成熟的猪卵母细胞去除周围卵丘细胞，用异硫氰酸荧光素(fluorescein isothiocyanate，FITC) 络合西非单叶豆凝集素(Bandeiraea simplicifolia lectin-I，BS-I) 或蓖麻凝集素(Ricinus communis agglutinin，RCA-I)处理30min，分别观察末端-D-半乳糖残基或-D-半乳糖残基在透明带中的定位分布。荧光显微镜观察显示，BS-I和RCA-I都标记于整个透明带上且比较集中于透明带的外层，其中BS-I显示微弱荧光反应，而RCA-I呈强荧光反应且在透明带的外层反应尤为强烈。植物凝集素处理的卵母细胞用于体外受精，分别在受精2h或12h观察精-卵结合和精子入卵情况。【结果】RCA-I处理组卵母细胞平均精子结合数显著低于对照组（18 vs 95），而精子入卵则完全被阻断；可是BS-I处理组的卵母细胞的精子结合数少量被抑制（59 vs 95），而且精子入卵率与对照组无显著差异。【结论】猪透明带末端-D-半乳糖残基作为精子受体的重要组成成分，参与精-卵结合和受精。     

重庆市基地蔬菜农药残留污染现状及控制对策

为了摸清重庆市蔬菜农药污染现状，2004-2005年分别对重庆市51个主要蔬菜基地和主城区流通市场中蔬菜产品中农药残留进行了调查监测。结果表明，51个蔬菜基地有29个基地未检出禁用农药，占总数的56．8％；基地蔬菜中主要农药残留污染为甲胺磷、氧化乐果、水胺硫磷、对硫磷和克百威；叶菜类农药残留超标率最高，根茎类次之，瓜果类再次之，豆类最低。据此提出的对策主要有：对无公害蔬菜生产应加强领导，优化无公害蔬菜基地布局，树立“积极发展远郊，适度发展近郊，保护治理城郊”的战略思想；加强无公害蔬菜基地的管理和监督，强化无公害蔬菜监测体系的建立和产品质量安全监督检测；完善重庆市的蔬菜质量安全检测体系建设，建立市、区（县）、基地三级监测体系，努力实现蔬菜质量安全的全覆盖监测；建立蔬菜质量安全预警机制，确保蔬菜的质量安全。     

鄂东(北)茶园土壤及茶叶中的农药残留

采用气相色谱法测定了鄂东(北)茶园土壤和茶叶中六六六等13种农药的残留状况。检测结果表明,土壤中仅检出有机氯农药六六六、滴滴涕,其残留量分别在0.01￣0.08mg.kg-1和0.01～0.10mg.kg-1之间。综合污染指数分析结果表明,近66%的取样点土壤处于轻污染状态,污染的主要贡献因子是滴滴涕。茶样中检测出的农药品种为氰戊菊酯、氯氰菊酯、溴氰菊酯和喹硫磷,茶样农残结果满足无公害食品的标准,但不符合有机茶标准。     

莫比朗在柑桔和土壤中的残留动态研究

采用田间试验方法,研究了莫比朗在柑桔和土壤中的消解动态和最终残留。样品用乙腈提取,过Envi-Florial固相小柱净化,液相色谱紫外检测器检测,外标法定量。残留动态试验结果表明,施药浓度为推荐剂量的两倍时(有效成分120g·hm-2),莫比朗在柑桔中的半衰期分别为7.00～8.90d,土壤中为4.00～6.38d。在有效成分为60g·hm-2的剂量下,施药3次,施药后第21d柑桔中莫比朗残留量低于0.10mg·kg-1。     

猪粪便中兽药盐霉素残留的降解动态研究

兽药抗生素在畜禽养殖生产中被大量使用,由于这些药物的大部分会被排入粪便并随粪便作为肥料而随处散播,增加了环境风险.通过实验室模拟不同的环境条件,研究了常用兽药抗生素--盐霉素在畜禽粪便中的降解动态及其影响因素(如药物残留浓度、粪便含水量、微生物及光照等).结果表明,盐霉素在粪便中的降解主要是微生物降解,光降解和化学降解只占很小比例,灭菌组的降解速率明显低于未灭菌组(P＜0.05),而光照对盐霉素的降解速率影响不大(P＞0.05);盐霉素的降解速率随粪便中盐霉素起始浓度增加而降低,表明粪便中降解微生物对盐霉素的浓度敏感;粪便含水量的增加明显加快了盐霉素残留的降解速率,因而在粪便施入农田前,可以通过降低粪便中盐霉素残留浓度或提高粪便含水量等方法加速盐霉素的降解,以降低其对环境土壤和水体的风险.     

Degradability of black carbon and its impact on trace gas fluxes and carbon turnover in paddy soils

Rice paddy soils are characterized by anoxic conditions, anaerobic carbon turnover, and significant emissions of the greenhouse gas methane. A main source for soil organic matter in paddy fields is the rice crop residue that is returned to fields if not burned. We investigated as an alternative treatment the amendment of rice paddies with rice residues that have been charred to black carbon. This treatment might avoid various negative side effects of traditional rice residue treatments. Although charred biomass is seen as almost recalcitrant, its impact on trace gas (CO₂, CH₄) production and emissions in paddy fields has not been studied. We quantified the degradation of black carbon produced from rice husks in four wetland soils in laboratory incubations. In two of the studied soils the addition of carbonised rice husks resulted in a transient increase in carbon mineralisation rates in comparison to control soils without organic matter addition. After almost three years, between 4.4% and 8.5% of the black carbon added was mineralised to CO₂ under aerobic and anaerobic conditions, respectively. The addition of untreated rice husks resulted in a strong increase in carbon mineralisation rates and in the same time period 77%-100% of the added rice husks were mineralised aerobically and 31%-54% anaerobically. The ¹³C-signatures of respired CO₂ gave a direct indication of black carbon mineralisation to CO_2. In field trials we quantified the impact of rice husk black carbon or untreated rice husks on soil respiration and methane emissions. The application of black carbon had no significant effect on soil respiration but significantly enhanced methane emissions in the first rice crop season. The additional methane released accounted for only 0.14% of black carbon added. If the same amount of organic carbon was added as untreated rice husks, 34% of the applied carbon was released as CO₂ and methane in the first season. Furthermore, the addition of fresh harvest residues to paddy fields resulted in a disproportionally high increase in methane emissions. Estimating the carbon budget of the different rice crop residue treatments indicated that charring of rice residues and adding the obtained black carbon to paddy fields instead of incorporating untreated harvest residues may reduce field methane emissions by as much as 80%. Hence, the production of black carbon from rice harvest residues could be a powerful strategy for mitigating greenhouse gas emissions from rice fields.     

蔬菜农药残留问题的研究进展

从蔬菜农药残留的概念、原因、为害、检测技术等方面论述了其研究进展,并针对目前生产上蔬菜农药残留量超标的现象,提出相应的解决方法。     

有机磷和菊酯类农药在田间蔬菜上的降解试验

对露天栽培的白菜、茄子和番茄上常用有机磷和菊酯类农药的消减情况进行研究,试验结果表明,敌敌畏是一种降解速度快的农药,施药后1 d,在茄子、番茄和白菜上的降解率分别为66.67%,99%和99.9%,而毒死蜱相对降解速度慢,药后7 d在茄子、番茄和甘蓝上的降解率分别为86.47%,91.59%和97.78%。3种菊酯类农药的降解速度慢,其中以氯氰菊酯的降解速度最快。     

茶饮料中7种农药残留检测能力验证分析

为保证农药登记残留试验水平,农业部农药检定所2010年组织了78个实验室参加了茶饮料中莠去津、吡虫啉、哒螨灵、腐霉利、乐果、高效氯氰菊酯和咪鲜胺7种农药残留检测能力验证试验。统计分析结果表明,7种农药全部合格的单位有41个（52.6%）,6种农药合格的有14个（17.9%）,5种农药合格的有11个（14.1%）,4种农药合格的有3个（3.8%）,3种农药合格的有4个（5.1%）,2种农药合格的有2个（2.6%）,只有1种农药合格的有1个（1.3%）,7种农药均不合格的有3个（3.8%）。     

Dynamic plant uptake model applied for drip irrigation of an insecticide to pepper fruit plants

BACKGROUND: Drip application of insecticides is an effective way to deliver the chemical to the plant that avoids off‐site movement via spray drift and minimizes applicator exposure. The aim of this paper is to present a cascade model for the uptake of pesticide into plants following drip irrigation, its application for a soil‐applied insecticide and a sensitivity analysis of the model parameters. RESULTS: The model predicted the measured increase and decline of residues following two soil applications of an insecticide to peppers, with an absolute error between model and measurement ranging from 0.002 to 0.034 mg kg fw^?1. Maximum measured concentrations in pepper fruit were approximately 0.22 mg kg fw^?1. Temperature was the most sensitive component for predicting the peak and final concentration in pepper fruit, through its influence on soil and plant degradation rates. CONCLUSION: Repeated simulations of pulse inputs with the cascade model adequately describe soil pesticide applications to an actual cropped system and reasonably mimic it. The model has the potential to be used for the optimization of practical features, such as application rates and waiting times between applications and before harvest, through the integrated accounting of soil, plant and environmental influences. Copyright © 2011 Society of Chemical Industry