金银花中戊唑醇、苯醚甲环唑的残留分析

为解决金银花种植过程中农药的使用问题,以金银花为试验对象,选用广谱杀菌剂戊唑醇和苯醚甲环唑,采用常量、倍量、二次和三次灌根处理,对最终的残留含量进行分析。头茬花各处理中苯醚甲环唑均未检出,而二茬花中戊唑醇的残留量为0.14~0.22 mg/kg,存在残留超标风险。建议使用10%苯醚甲环唑4000倍液灌根处理,防治金银花土传病害,灌根2~3次,安全间隔期15天。     

我国农作物病虫害化学防控技术的社会成本分析

农作物病虫害化学防控技术的负外部效应产生了环境和社会成本。评价化学防控技术的社会成本,具有十分重要的理论和现实意义。本文分析了农作物病虫害化学防控技术社会成本产生的原因与类别,指出农药中毒、接触农药导致的慢性疾病、农产品农药残留超标、农药包装废弃物回收处理、农药及农药残留管理行政事业费用、农药市场检测和监控、农药残留检测和监控是主要的社会成本类别。初步分析了各类别社会成本的经济影响额度,测算出我国使用化学农药防控农作物病虫害的所产生的社会成本至少在11.72～87.74元/kg(折百)。     

西兰花植株残体还田对棉花黄萎病的防治效果及其安全性评价

本研究探讨了温室和田间试验条件下西兰花植株残体还田对棉花黄萎病的防治效果以及西兰花残体对棉花生长的安全性,以期为深入研究西兰花植株残体对棉花黄萎病的生态防治机制提供依据。将粉碎的西兰花植株残体与培养基质分别按1%、3%、5%、7%和14%处理混匀,在（28±2）℃条件下分别腐解7和30 d后种植棉花,测定其对棉花出苗率、株高的影响以及对黄萎病的防治效果。研究结果表明,当腐解时间为7 d,西兰花残体处理比例为1%和3%时,棉花出苗率与不添加西兰花残体的空白对照处理不存在显著差异,但对株高具有显著促生长作用,增幅分别为19.46%、42.41%和36.96%;西兰花残体添加比例为5%、7%和14%时,对出苗具有不同程度的抑制作用。当腐解时间为30 d时,上述各比例西兰花残体处理后的棉花出苗率和株高与空白对照之间差异不显著。西兰花残体处理显著降低了棉花黄萎病的发病率和病情指数,其21 d后的防治效果达到72.55%。田间试验表明,西兰花残体在棉花全生育期内对黄萎病的防治效果为43.06%。综合分析表明,西兰花残体的施入,促进了棉花生长,降低了黄萎病的发病率和病情指数,且在发病初期的防治效果优于后期。研究结果为深入研究西兰花残体防治棉花黄萎病的生态机制提供理论依据和技术指导,最终为棉花黄萎病的绿色防控和化学农药的减量提供了新途径和思路。     

用绵羊小肠液冻干粉测定饲料过瘤胃淀粉小肠消化率方法的研究

本试验旨在以玉米为样本筛选用绵羊小肠液冻干粉测定精饲料瘤胃非降解残渣淀粉小肠消化率的最佳培养条件。分别研究了小肠液冻干粉用量(0.2、0.3、0.4、0.5和0.6g)对16h玉米瘤胃非降解残渣干物质和淀粉小肠消化率的影响;离体培养时间(4、8、12、16、20和24h)对16h玉米瘤胃非降解残渣干物质和淀粉小肠消化率的影响。结果表明,在本试验条件下,绵羊小肠液冻干粉测定玉米瘤胃非降解残渣淀粉小肠消化率的最佳用量为0.45g小肠液冻干粉/0.56g玉米瘤胃非降解残渣,最佳培养时间为12h。利用绵羊小肠液冻干粉测定常用饲料过瘤胃残渣淀粉小肠消化率的方法是可行的。     

Stable C and N isotope values of selected components of a tropical australian sugarcane ecosystem

The ¹³C and ¹⁵N values of sugarcane plant tissues, decomposing harvest residues, soil and the casts and body tissues of the earthwormPontoscolex corethrurus were determined. Little variation in ¹³C values was found between plant parts. The ¹³C values of the decomposing harvest residues declined and became more variable after 148 days of exposure in the field. In the decomposing residues, ¹³C values of the neutral detergent fibre fraction were similar to those of the whole tissues while those of the proximate lignin were more negative. The ¹⁵N values of the residues also declined over time after a short initial delay.P. corethrurus populations are more intimately associated with the roots of sugarcane than with the bulk soil. Tissue ¹³C values suggest that the earthworm diet is similar to or more enriched in¹³C than sugarcane tissues and is substantially more enriched than the soil C. Earthworm tissues have similar levels of¹⁵N enrichment to both the soil and plant tissues. These data are consistent with the hypothesis that this earthworm derives much of its assimilated C relatively directly from organic matter associated with the roots and decomposing harvest residues.     

水稻田甲烷的减排方法研究

通过多年对稻田甲烷排放量的野外实验观测和对稻田甲烷产生与排放因子的研究，总结出减少稻田烷排放的主要方法，分析了各种减排方法的效果和经济效益，并利用层次分析法对各种减排方法做了综合的评价。现有的稻田甲减排方法主要有其它肥料代替传统的有机肥，种植低甲排放的水稻品种、灌水管理等。适用中国国情的方法主要有杂交稻替代常规稻，沼渣肥替代纯有要肥，沼渣肥替代有机肥的减排效果较好，社会效益和环境效益明显优于杂交稻     

中药渣用于培养灵芝菌及功能成分分析

该文利用中药渣培养灵芝菌,研究灵芝菌的最适发酵条件,子实体生长条件及其生物活性成分(灵芝多糖及灵芝三萜化合物)和重金属含量。结果表明:灵芝菌固体发酵最适温度为26～28℃,培养基含水量55～60％,pH值5．0～6．0,氧气充足,无需光照;子实体的适宜生长条件为:温度25～30℃,空气湿度90％左右,pH值4．0～6．0,氧气充足,需要光照。分析检测了灵芝酸多糖含量,重金属含量均在安全范围内。     

Amino acids in grassland soils: Climatic effects on concentrations and chirality

The response of soil organic nitrogen (SON) dynamics to climate may partly be deduced from changes in the concentration and origin of the major N constituents in soil, such as amino acids. In this study, we determined the enantiomers of bound amino acids in 18 native grassland soils (0–10 cm) that were sampled along a transect from central Saskatchewan, Canada, to Southern Texas, USA. Mean annual temperature (MAT) ranged from 0.9 to 23.4 °C and mean annual precipitation (MAP) from 300 to 1308 mm. d-alanine and d-glutamic acid served as markers for the bacterial origin of SON. The d-content of lysine, phenylalanine, and aspartic acid indicated an ageing of the respective SON forms. Deuterium labeling was applied to account for hydrolysis-induced racemization reactions. We found that the concentration of the bacterial biomarkers was weakly but significantly parabolically related to MAT, as previously reported for microbial-derived amino sugars. The age markers d-lysine, d-phenylalanine, and d-aspartic acid comprised 2–15% of the respective l-form. The presence of these compounds demonstrated that the structures that contained these d-enantiomers had survived microbial attack, i.e., these hydrolyzable SON forms were conserved in soil despite a living environment. First estimates indicate that the mean residence time of the lysine-containing organic matter forms extend beyond a century. Within this time-scale we did not find that climate significantly affects the degree of ageing of SON constituents in the studied topsoils.     

中药渣用于培养灵芝菌的研究及功能成分分析

该文利用中药渣培养灵芝菌，研究灵芝菌的最适发酵条件,子实体生长条件及其生物活性成分（灵芝多糖及灵芝三萜化合物）和重金属含量。结果表明：灵芝菌固体发酵最适温度为26～28℃，培养基含水量55～60%，pH5.0～6.0，氧气充足，无需光照；子实体的适宜生长条件为：温度25～30℃，空气湿度90%左右，pH4.0～6.0,氧气充足，需要光照。分析检测了灵芝酸多糖含量，重金属含量均在安全范围内。