Variability of pesticide residues in crop units

The results of 89 new field trials and 11 supervised trials were considered, together with 91 sets of residue data evaluated earlier. The datasets consisted of 22,643 valid residue data. As all variability factors calculated from individual sample sets are affected by the uncertainties of sampling and analysis, the average of the P(0.975)/R(ave) (97.5th percentile of the residue population divided by the average residues in the lot) values gives the best estimate for the variability factor. The Harrell-Davis (H-D) method gave an average value of 2.89 for the variability factor for all samples, while the average variability factors obtained from samples derived from the new field and supervised trials were 2.8 and 2.7 with the IUPAC and H-D methods respectively. The number of residue values below the LOQ in a sample set significantly affects the observed variability factors. It was found that datasets containing over 20% non-quantifiable residues might not reflect the true variability of the residues. Mixing of treated and non-treated commodities may significantly increase the apparent variability. Consequently, only datasets of known origin and consisting of well-quantifiable residues should be used for estimation of the variability factor. Samples taken from marketed lots may not represent a single lot, and thus they have limited value in estimating the variability factor. The large number of residue data confirms the applicability of the default variability factor of 3 adopted by the FAO/WHO for deterministic estimation of the acute intake of pesticide residues.     

秸秆还田与氮肥配施对春玉米产量及水分利用效率的影响

为了探讨长期玉米秸秆还田与氮肥配施对辽西风沙半干旱区春玉米产量和水分利用效率的影响,在农业部阜新农业环境与耕地保育科学观测实验站利用长期定位试验,设置了4个秸秆还田量水平(0,3 000 kg·hm~(-2),6 000 kg·hm~(-2),9 000 kg·hm~(-2))与两个施氮肥水平(210 kg·hm~(-2),420 kg·hm~(-2)),共8个处理。结果表明,连续秸秆还田与氮肥配施可以显著增加玉米的群体生物产量(P0.05)和经济产量(P0.05),2013年(平水年)和2014年(枯水年)的产量均为C3N1处理最高,分别为14 719.95 kg·hm~(-2)和12 397.95 kg·hm~(-2),大小顺序为C3N1C3N2C2N1C2N2C1N2C1N1C0N2C0N1;秸秆还田可以充分利用作物生育期降水,提高降水利用效率和作物水分利用效率,2 a的研究结果显示,C3N1处理的水分利用效率最高,在生物产量和子粒产量水分利用效率方面,2013年与2014年分别比最低的C0N1处理高26.83%、43.15%和44.64%、70.55%,两年平均水分利用效率的大小顺序与生物产量相同。综合分析认为,秸秆量9 000 kg·hm~(-2)、氮肥量210 kg·hm~(-2)是提高该区域类型土地生产力和农田水分利用效率的较优方案。     

棉杆贮存方式及棉皮用量对棉杆碎料板性能的影响

棉杆的贮存和棉皮的使用是影响棉杆碎料板发展的两个大问题。本文通过实验认为:棉杆刨花中长而卷的棉皮纤维会影响板的性能,棉杆适当地露天存放有利于板性能的改善。     

百菌清烟剂在温室大棚蔬菜上残留研究

本文报导了百菌清烟剂在温室、塑棚蔬菜上的残留动态、检测方法及安全使用建议。百菌清烟剂用于温棚黄瓜防治病害,一般每亩用量为有效成分25g、最高用量40g、用药2次、收护间隔期1 d,残留量低于FAO/WHO推荐的允许残留量1.0mg/kg。用于温棚韭菜,每亩用量为有效成分30g,用药2次,最高用量50g,用药一次,收护间隔期3 d,残留量低于允许量1.0mg/kg。     

Dissipation of three organochlorine and four pyrethroid pesticides sprayed in a greenhouse environment during hydroponic cultivation of gerbera

A wide range of pesticides (insecticides, acaricides and fungicides) is used in the hydroponic cultivation of gerbera. The fate and behaviour of some of these commonly used pesticides (organochlorine and pyrethroid insecticides/acaricides) in a greenhouse installation was investigated. The concentrations of endosulfan, dicofol, tetradifon, permethrin, bifenthrin, cypermethrin and deltamethrin in the air of the greenhouse were related to their physicochemical properties and respective application rates. Of these compounds, endosulfan exhibited the highest concentration in the greenhouse air 2 h after application (10 microg m(-3)), due to its highest volatility; afterwards, up to 12 h post-application, a rapid decrease was recorded which finally led to a concentration of 0.41 microg m(-3) at 6 days post-application. Dicofol exhibited the same trend of dissipation in the greenhouse air; its concentration decreased from 0.27 microg m(-3) immediately after the application to 0.12 microg m(-3) at 6 days post-application. Tetradifon, bifenthrin and permethrin were found at concentrations lower than 0.1 microg m(-3) at 2 h post-application, and cypermethrin and deltamethrin could not be detected. The concentrations of all the above pesticides in the drain water of the open hydroponic system were relatively high immediately after application and decreased rapidly during the following 3 days. In the closed hydroponic system, all the pesticides accumulated in the nutrient solution during the first 24 h after application and slowly decreased in concentration over the following 3 days. The spray operators applying these pesticides were exposed to rather high concentrations and the spray deposits were monitored on the chest and forehead of the operator. Endosulfan exhibited the highest concentrations of the seven pesticides. The organochlorine pesticides (endosulfan, dicofol and tetradifon) were usually detected at higher concentrations on the chest than on the forehead of the operator; pyrethroids were detected at higher concentrations on the forehead than on the chest of the operator.     

沼肥不同用量对小麦光合特性和产量的影响

在大田条件下用沼肥作基肥,通过6个不同施用量观测其对小麦不同时期叶片光合特性和产量的影响,结果表明:施用沼肥,能有效地提高小麦叶片的叶绿素含量(Chl)、光合速率(Pn)、叶片水分利用效率(WUE)和产量;在22500 kg/hm2施肥水平下,小区产量、单位面积穗数、千粒重最高;在30000 kg/hm2施肥水平下的光合速率、蒸腾速率、拔节期叶绿素含量最高。在37500 kg/hm2施肥水平下的株高、穗下节长、穗粒数明显高于对照;基肥施用沼肥的各处理小麦产量比对照提高了12.4%~26.14%,沼肥施用量在0~30000 kg/hm2范围内叶绿素含量、叶片光合速率、产量随着施肥量的增加而提高,但过量的施用沼肥会抑制叶绿素的合成、降低光合速率。沼肥在麦田作基肥的最佳施肥量应在22500~30000 kg/hm2左右。     

猪粪便中兽药盐霉素残留的降解动态研究

兽药抗生素在畜禽养殖生产中被大量使用,由于这些药物的大部分会被排入粪便并随粪便作为肥料而随处散播,增加了环境风险.通过实验室模拟不同的环境条件,研究了常用兽药抗生素--盐霉素在畜禽粪便中的降解动态及其影响因素(如药物残留浓度、粪便含水量、微生物及光照等).结果表明,盐霉素在粪便中的降解主要是微生物降解,光降解和化学降解只占很小比例,灭菌组的降解速率明显低于未灭菌组(P＜0.05),而光照对盐霉素的降解速率影响不大(P＞0.05);盐霉素的降解速率随粪便中盐霉素起始浓度增加而降低,表明粪便中降解微生物对盐霉素的浓度敏感;粪便含水量的增加明显加快了盐霉素残留的降解速率,因而在粪便施入农田前,可以通过降低粪便中盐霉素残留浓度或提高粪便含水量等方法加速盐霉素的降解,以降低其对环境土壤和水体的风险.     

有机物料对强酸性茶园土壤的酸度调控研究

通过室内培养的方式,研究了不同添加剂量下,不同C/N与灰化碱含量的有机物料对酸性茶园土壤的改良能力.试验结果表明:有机物料的添加可以有效地减少土壤交换性酸、铝饱和度,增加土壤交换性碱基,但是在调节土壤pH能力上并非一定有效.初始阶段,“灰化碱”的释放与有机氮的矿化提高了土壤的pH,随后pH由于硝化作用出现不同程度的下降.C/N高的作物秸秆(小麦和水稻秸秆)能够有效地抑制硝化,使pH下降幅度较小;而C/N低的作物秸秆(花生秸秆和菜籽饼)促进硝化,使pH大幅度下降.最终土壤pH与其C/N呈正相关性(y=0.00343x+4.14,r=0.977),而与其灰化碱含量无关.并且随着秸秆添加剂量的加大,C/N高的作物秸秆最终调剂pH的能力是显著提高的(P＜0.05),而C/N低的作物秸秆最终调剂pH的能力没有显著提高(P＜0.05).因此,C/N高的作物秸秆可能更适合土壤酸度的长期调节,与其相关的田间试验需要进一步进行证实.     

Advances on Detection Methods for Residues of Nitrofurans in Food

Nitrofurans are broad-spectrum antibiotics which have been widely used in food animals to the prevention and treatment of gastrointestinal infections.Due to abuse of drugs by criminals,animals could produce drug-resistant strains,which reduces the role of antibiotics.Meanwhile,excessive drugs residues in food has carcinogenic,teratogenic and mutagenic effects to the human body.In this paper,the damage and the detection methods of the residues of the nitrofurans in food are surveyed.The main detection methods include high performance liquid chromatography,liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry,liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry,enzyme-linked immunoassay,colloidal gold immunoassay and fluorescence immunity analysis method.The research status of various detection methods are summarized and the suggestions for further research are put forward.It is expected to provide reference for future research.     

蔬菜中农药残留测定的测量不确定度评定

[目的]评定蔬菜中农药残留检测最常用的标准方法之一——NY/T 761方法的测量不确定度.[方法]以NY/T 761-2008标准方法为研究对象,选择甲胺磷、甲氰菊酯和甲萘威分别代表方法的3个部分,从样品前处理过程、仪器测定分析和标准溶液配制等几方面对检测方法的测量不确定度进行了评估.[结果]方法3个部分的相对扩展不确定度分别为5.70％、5.66％和6.30％(k=2),其中色谱仪的测量重复性偏差和标准溶液配制引入的不确定度分量是主要来源.[结论]为客观评价蔬菜中农药残留检测结果提供了参考.