Agricultural residues in panel production – Impact of silica particle content and morphology on tool wear

Abstract

Considering ongoing global deforestation and the increased demand for raw materials in all wood-processing sectors it is necessary to seek and employ alternative resources. Agricultural residues are potential sources of alternative lignocellulose-based raw materials. Research on substitute materials for wood panel production mainly focused on physical and mechanical properties of boards while much remains to be learned about machining. Therefore, studies were carried out to analyse the relationship between ash and silica content and their impact on tool wear. Ash and silica contents of agricultural residues were determined following ISO 3340. Particle morphology and elemental composition of selected materials were analysed using scanning electron microscopy and energy-dispersive X-ray analysis. Tool wear tests were carried out using particleboards made from wheat straw, canola straw and spruce. Analyses of various plant materials displayed no correlation between ash and silica content. Bio-mineralised silica structures in wheat and canola were different compared to coarse silica found in wood-based particleboard. Tool wear caused by these agricultural residues was just moderately increased compared to wood, despite the fact that their silica contents were many times higher. Furthermore, the impact of abrasive substances on wear behaviour was influenced by the density of the panels.     

深圳南山区市售蔬菜农残污染状况研究

对深圳南山区的8个街道农贸市场、批发市场及少数市场周围地摊上销售的蔬菜农药残留污染状况进行调查,抽样检测了包括叶菜类、瓜果类、豆类、花菜类四大类蔬菜共12336份样品。结果表明：深圳南山区蔬菜的农残安全状况总体较好,各街道市售蔬菜的农残合格率达99．48％,叶菜类较其他种类蔬菜的农药残留合格率低,不同市场的蔬菜农药残留状况差异较大,正规市场的安全状况较好,市场外地摊蔬菜的农残超标率较高,达22．92％,是市场蔬菜的44倍。为保证蔬菜食用安全,市民应尽量到超市或农贸市场购买蔬菜。蔬菜经过冲洗、浸泡和漂烫处理均能显著降低蔬菜农药残留含量,考虑到经济和营养等因素,以冲洗10min、浸泡30min、漂烫1min左右为宜。     

菌渣与麦秸厌氧消化产气潜能研究

为了帮助企业处理菌渣厌氧消化产沼气的问题,试验采用菌渣与麦秸共发酵的方式,结合现有处理工序,重点考察不同原料配比及消化温度对产气的影响。试验结果表明:相同消化温度下,不同物料的混合比例对产气结果的影响有所不同。单一菌渣累积产气量和容积产气率较低,但单位有机质产气率高,说明菌渣作为底物用于厌氧消化产沼是可行的;随着麦秸的添加比例增大,各组累积产气量和容积产气率有不同程度的增加,厌氧消化时间有所提前。综合各项产气结果,当菌渣与麦秸比例为1∶1,消化温度为35℃时产气性能最佳。该项研究结果可为企业菌渣资源化处理及提高产气效率提供基础参数。     

QuEChERS/UPLC-MS/MS法测定雷公藤及根际土壤中3种农药残留

为建立雷公藤种植过程中常用农药的残留含量检测方法,采用快速样品前处理结合超高效液相色谱-串联质谱法（quick,easy, cheap,effective,rugged and safe/ultra performance liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry,QuEChERS/UPLC-MS/MS）测定雷公藤及根际土壤中辛硫磷、氯氰菊酯和乙基多杀菌素的含量。样品中加入适量的水浸润后用乙腈超声提取,N-丙基乙二胺（PSA）吸附净化,利用优化后的UPLC-MS/MS方法进行检测,基质外标法定量。结果显示,3种农药在根样基质中的检出限（LOD）为0.001～0.714μg/kg,定量限（LOQ）为0.002～2.380μg/kg;在土壤基质中的检出限（LOD）为0.002～0.810μg/kg,定量限（LOQ）为0.006～2.410μg/kg。线性关系、回收率和相对标准偏差均符合农药残留检测的相关规定。结果表明,该方法能满足雷公藤及根际土壤中3种农药残留含量的快速检测要求。     

气质联用仪测定水果中的甲基异柳磷农药残留

建立了水果中甲基异柳磷农药残留的气相色谱-质谱仪检测方法。水果样品用乙腈匀浆提取,盐析离心后,取上清液,经固相萃取柱净化,用乙腈-甲苯溶液(3+1)洗脱农药及相关化学品,溶剂交换后用安捷伦7890B-7000D气质联用仪检测。结果表明,空白样品加标回收率范围为88.6%～112.8%,相对标准偏差小于10%,甲基异柳磷的检出限为0.001 mg/kg。该方法操作简便、准确、灵敏、重现性强、回收率高、基质干扰少,适用于农药残留量的测定。     

Microbial residues were increased by film mulching with manure amendment in a semiarid agroecosystem

Amino sugars, as a kind of microbial residue, are strongly associated with cycling of microbial-derived soil organic matter. However, responses of amino sugars to agricultural practices on the Loess Plateau in North-western China are poorly known. The objective was to evaluate effects of film mulching (no film mulching + NPK fertilizers, CK; film mulching + NPK fertilizers, PF; film mulching + NPK fertilizers + cow manure, FM) on accumulations of amino sugars in this region. FM significantly increased total amino sugar by 190.46 mg kg^?1 in 0–10 cm layer and 214.66 mg kg^?1 in 10–20 cm layer relative to CK, but PF significantly decreased it by 139.28 mg kg^?1 in 0–10 cm layer. Ratios of glucosamine to muramic acid were markedly decreased by 2.50 in 0–10 cm layer and 2.28 in 10–20 cm layer in FM than CK, suggesting a tendency of microbial residues pool shift towards bacterial residues in this agroecosystem. These results indicated film mulching alone was not benefitial to accumulation of amino sugar while organic manure contributed to the build-up of amino sugar partly due to manure contained microbial residues. The different patterns of amino sugars suggested significant changes in the quality of microbial-derived organic matter.     

Uptake and remobilization of selenium in Brassica napus L. plants supplied with selenate or selenium‐enriched plant residues

Selenium (Se) biofortification via crops is one of the best strategies to elevate the daily Se intake in areas where soil Se levels are low. However, Se fertilizer recovery (SeFR) is low and most of the Se taken up accumulates in non‐harvested plant parts and returns to the soil with plant residues. A pot experiment with soil was undertaken to study the efficiency of inorganic Se (Na₂SeO₄) and Se‐enriched plant residues for biofortification, as well as to identify the bottlenecks in Se utilization by Brassica napus L. The soil was fertilized with Na₂SeO₄ (0 and 7 µg Se kg^?1) or with Se in stem or leaf residues (0 and 7 µg Se kg^?1). A treatment with autoclaved soil was included (0 and 7 µg kg^?1 as Na₂SeO₄) to unravel the impact of microbial activity on Se uptake. The Se‐enriched plant residues produced a lower Se uptake efficiency (SeUPE) and SeFR than did inorganic Se, and soil autoclaving enhanced Se accumulation in the plants. The time required for decomposition seems to preclude crop residues as an alternative source of Se. Furthermore, B. napus had a limited capacity to accumulate Se in seeds. The study shows that the bottlenecks in Se biofortification appear to be its low bioavailability in soil and poor loading from the silique walls to seeds. Thus, improved Se translocation to seeds would be a useful breeding goal in B. napus to increase SeFR.     

Impact of agronomic practices on populations of Fusarium and other fungi in cereal and noncereal crop residues on the Canadian Prairies

Fusarium head blight (FHB) is an important disease which has been causing damage to wheat and barley crops in western Canada. Because crop residues are an important source of inoculum, it is important to know the ability of Fusarium spp. to colonize and survive in different residue types, and how their populations might be affected by agronomic practices. Sampling of residue types on producers’ fields for quantification of Fusarium and other fungi was conducted in 2000–2001 in eastern Saskatchewan. Fusarium spp. were isolated from most fields, whereas their mean percentage isolation (MPI) was over 50% for cereal and pulse residues, and under 30% for oilseed residues. The most common Fusarium, F. avenaceum, had a higher MPI in pulse and flax (45–48%) than in cereal or canola (10–22%) residues. This was followed by F. equiseti, F. acuminatum, F. graminearum, F. culmorum and F. poae which were isolated from all, or most, residue types. Factors affecting Fusarium abundance in residues included the current crop, cropping history, and tillage system. In cereal residues, the MPI of F. avenaceum was higher when the current crop was another cereal (24%) versus a noncereal (4–8%). When the current crop was another cereal, the lowest MPI of F. avenaceum and F. culmorum occurred when the field had been in summerfallow (SF) two years previous (F. avenaceum: 17% for SF, 28% for a crop; F. culmorum: 1% for SF, 4% for a crop); in contrast, F. equiseti and Cochliobolus sativus were most common in residues of cereal crops preceded by SF (F. equiseti: 16% for SF, 10% for a crop; C. sativus: 22% for SF, 13% for a crop). The MPI of F. graminearum was higher when the crop two years previous was an oilseed (7%) versus a cereal (4%). In regards to tillage effects, when the current crop was a cereal, the MPI of F. avenaceum was higher under minimum (MT) and zero tillage (ZT) (22–37%) than conventional tillage (CT) (15%), that of F. graminearum was lowest under ZT (3% for ZT, 7–11% for CT-MT), whereas that of C. sativus was highest under CT (27% for CT, 6–11% for MT-ZT). Under ZT, previous glyphosate applications were correlated positively with F. avenaceum and negatively with F. equiseti and C. sativus. These observations generally agreed with results from previous FHB and root rot studies of wheat and barley in the same region. Percentage isolation of F. avenaceum from noncereal and of F. graminearum from cereal residues were positively correlated with FHB severity and percentage Fusarium-damaged kernels of barley and wheat caused by the same fungi.     

作物残体去向与利用及对土壤氮素转化的影响

近年来,作物残体还田受到了很大的关注,一方面它可以改进土壤氮素的动态变化,减少硝态氮淋失;另一方面可作为提高耕地土壤作为潜在氮储库的一种手段。作物残体是碳、氮的重要源和库,因此还田后会影响土壤中的氮素循环。本文综述了作物残体还田后对土壤氮素转化的影响及残体氮素的利用与去向问题。具体阐述了以下几个方面内容:作物残体的降解过程及影响因素,残体氮素的利用率及去向问题,以及作物残体对土壤无机氮库、有机氮库、微生物特征的影响。     

内蒙古河套灌区主要作物农田氮素平衡及潜在污染状况分析

为从氮素平衡的角度研究河套灌区氮素潜在污染风险,本文以河套灌区主要种植作物玉米和向日葵为研究对象,分析了传统种植模式下玉米和向日葵收获期农田土壤无机氮残留现状,并从氮素平衡角度利用氮素盈余、氮素潜在损失对玉米和向日葵种植的环境污染风险进行了分析。结果表明：河套灌区农田土壤残留无机氮随着施氮量的增加而增加,玉米田和向日葵田0~90 cm土壤无机氮（以N计）平均残留量分别为66.11 kg·hm^-2和45.53 kg·hm^-2。灌区中部的五原县玉米田土壤无机氮残留量最高,可达336.93 kg·hm^-2,向日葵田以东部乌拉特前旗最高,残留量达273.66 kg·hm^-2。玉米田和向日葵田平均氮素年输入总量分别为514.81 kg·hm^-2和314.73 kg·hm^-2,以化肥氮为主,占总氮素输入的85%以上。氮素输出主要是作物吸收带走,玉米和向日葵平均氮素年输出总量为362.10 kg·hm^-2和209.65 kg·hm^-2。过高的氮素输入导致玉米和向日葵年平均氮素盈余分别高达235.71 kg·hm^-2和168.08 kg·hm^-2,并伴随着每年169.60 kg·hm^-2和122.55 kg·hm^-2潜在损失的氮素。通过氮素平衡的综合分析得出,内蒙古河套灌区保持现有产量水平的玉米氮肥推荐用量约为280 kg·hm^-2,向日葵为150 kg·hm^-2,与目前河套灌区玉米和向日葵氮肥投入相比,分别节约198 kg·hm^-2和128 kg·hm^-2,同时该施用量也可以显著降低潜在损失的氮,降低环境压力。