Nitrogen conservation in soil and crop residues as affected by crop rotation and soil disturbance under Mediterranean conditions

We investigated conservation and cycling of N under oat–oat and lupine–oat rotations in disturbed and undisturbed soil, when roots or roots plus aboveground residues were retained. Crop residues were labelled with ¹⁵N in Year 1, and differential soil disturbance was imposed after harvest. In Year 2, plant growth, N transfer from residue into the various sinks of the second crop (plant, soil, and residual residues), and changes in microbial activity and numbers were determined. Oat biomass was greater after lupine than after oat due to differences in supply of N from these residues. Buried residues of both crops appeared to decompose faster than when left on the soil surface. Lupine residues decomposed faster than oat residues. Oat biomass was not affected by soil disturbance if grown after lupine but decreased when oat straw was buried in the soil. More residue N was recovered from soil than from the crop. Most ¹⁵N was recovered from disturbed soil, which also had greater dehydrogenase activity and more culturable fungi. At the end of the oat–oat rotation, 20 and 5 kg N ha⁻¹ were derived from the roots of the first crop in undisturbed or disturbed soil, respectively. Equivalent values for the lupine–oat rotation were 18 and 44 kg N ha⁻¹. Returning aboveground residues provided an extra 52–80 kg N ha⁻¹ for oat and 61–63 kg N ha⁻¹ for lupine relative to treatments where they were removed. Over a year, lupine contributed 9 to 20 kg N ha⁻¹ more to the agroecosystem than did oat.     

Determinants of annual fluxes of CO2 and N2O in long-term no-tillage and conventional tillage systems in northern France

The greenhouse gases CO₂ and N₂O emissions were quantified in a long-term experiment in northern France, in which no-till (NT) and conventional tillage (CT) had been differentiated during 32 years in plots under a maize–wheat rotation. Continuous CO₂ and periodical N₂O soil emission measurements were performed during two periods: under maize cultivation (April 2003–July 2003) and during the fallow period after wheat harvest (August 2003–March 2004). In order to document the dynamics and importance of these emissions, soil organic C and mineral N, residue decomposition, soil potential for CO₂ emission and climatic data were measured. CO₂ emissions were significantly larger in NT on 53% and in CT on 6% of the days. From April to July 2003 and from November 2003 to March 2004, the cumulated CO₂ emissions did not differ significantly between CT and NT. However, the cumulated CO₂ emissions from August to November 2003 were considerably larger for NT than for CT. Over the entire 331 days of measurement, CT and NT emitted 3160 ± 269 and 4064 ± 138 kg CO₂-C ha⁻¹, respectively. The differences in CO₂ emissions in the two tillage systems resulted from the soil climatic conditions and the amounts and location of crop residues and SOM. A large proportion of the CO₂ emissions in NT over the entire measurement period was probably due to the decomposition of old weathered residues. NT tended to emit more N₂O than CT over the entire measurement period. However differences were statistically significant in only half of the cases due to important variability. N₂O emissions were generally less than 5 g N ha⁻¹ day⁻¹, except for a few dates where emission increased up to 21 g N ha⁻¹ day⁻¹. These N₂O fluxes represented 0.80 ± 0.15 and 1.32 ± 0.52 kg N₂O-N ha⁻¹ year⁻¹ for CT and NT, respectively. Depending on the periods, a large part of the N₂O emissions occurred was probably induced by nitrification, since soil conditions were not favorable for denitrification. Finally, for the period of measurement after 32 years of tillage treatments, the NT system emitted more greenhouses gases (CO₂ and N₂O) to the atmosphere on an annual basis than the CT system.     

作物残茬翻埋对土壤性质的影响

Chemical transformation, nutrient release and changes in the energy content of decomposing rape, sunflower and soybean residues confined in buried fiberglass bags were assessed in a laboratory study during a 340-day incubation period. The organic C decreased by about 70% while total N, after initial decay, remained almost constant for each type of residue. The NH₄⁺-N was progressively oxidized and, consequently, the NO₃^--N increased. The C/N ratio narrowed with loss of C. Hemicellulose, cellulose and lignin decreased with different trends for each crop residue. The energy content, was reduced to about 25% in rape, 30% in sunflower and 20% in soybean residues. Total P, K, Ca and Mg contents decreased for each type of residue. The results suggest that the three residues could improve the nutrient pool of the soil.     

农产品农药残留的标准、检测和降解技术的研究进展

概述了农产品中的农药残留标准现状、农药残留分析方法及存在问题和国内外降解农药残留研 究的主要成果,介绍了当前国内外在农药残留分析中应用的固相萃取、微波辅助萃取及固相微萃取等样 品前处理技术,以及在农药残留的降解脱除中应用的超声波清洗和电离辐射等物理方法、臭氧氧化技术 和光降解等化学方法、细茵和真菌等微生物降解方法等,并针对我国的实际情况提出了今后农药残留研 究的重点和方向。     

固相萃取——气相色谱法测定蔬菜中多种有机磷农药的残留量

建立了固相萃取气相色谱法测定蔬菜中多种有机磷农药残留量的方法.蔬菜样品采用乙腈提取,氯化钠盐析分层,取部分提取液使用氮气吹干,以丙酮溶解,固相萃取柱进行净化,最后用气相色谱法进行定量分析,外标法定量.3个添加水平的12种有机磷农药平均回收率(n=5)为75.1%-105.0%,相对标准偏差为1.67%-7.50%.此方法具有快速、简便、准确、灵敏、重现性好的特点,适合蔬菜中有机磷农药残留量的测定.     

司帕沙星在实验性感染大肠杆菌-败血霉形体病鸡体内的组织动力学及残留研究

实验性感染大肠杆菌—败血霉形体病鸡,单剂量(5 mg.kg-1)内服司帕沙星,研究其组织动力学和残留情况。采用HPLC面积-内标法测定各组织中司帕沙星浓度,利用药动学分析软件MCPKP分析药-时数据。疾病模型鸡肝脏、肺脏和心脏中的药—时数据符合一级吸收三项指数方程,主要动力学参数为:t1/2α0.3505,0.8381,0.6005 h;t1/2β11.7802,13.8479,2.4578 h;tmax 1.0653,1.1397,0.7546 h;Cmax 3.3591,2.2951,1.7226μg.mL-1;AUC24.4230,30.663,5.3780 mg.L-1.h-1,Tcp(ther)81.0240,108.52,18.410 h。肾脏和肌肉组织中药-时数据符合一级吸收二项指数方程,主要动力学参数为:t1/2K 2.2287,7.5072 h;tmax1.4655,1.8644 h;Cmax1.9926,1.1317μg.mL-1;AUC9.8536,14.5240 mg.L-1.h-1;Tcp(ther)19.923,58.156 h。各组织中药物浓度降至0.001 mg.kg-1时需休药7 d。     

茶树生态系中的立体污染链与阻控

 运用农业立体污染的新概念，针对茶树和茶叶本身的特点，剖析了来自土壤、水源、空气中性质各异的污染物，包括农药残留、铅、氟、铝、硝酸盐、多环芳烃（PAHs）、多氯代二苯并二恶英/呋喃（PCDD/PCDF）等，在水-土、土-气、土-植物等不同相或界面间的相互交换和迁移特性。论述了茶园生态系中的立体污染链以及污染物对不同界面的偏嗜性和界面间转移的时空特征，分析了中国茶叶生产中的立体污染问题。在对茶叶中几种污染物安全性风险评价的基础上，从清洁化生产角度，讨论了不同界面间污染源的控制和污染链防阻技术和应用，探讨了未来创新研究的重点领域。     

筛选敏感昆虫检测拟除虫菊酯类农药残留*

 选取拟除虫菊酯类农药中有代表性农药,对长期室内饲养的家蝇、果蝇、马铃薯块茎蛾、米象及黄粉虫等进行毒力测定,筛选出相对敏感昆虫用于检测拟除虫菊酯类农药残留,并通过色谱法对其检测结果进行评价。结果显示:家蝇对拟除虫菊酯类最敏感(溴氰菊酯LC₅₀=0.08487μg/mL,氰戊菊酯LC₅₀=5.5602μg/mL),其检测灵敏度可与色谱相媲美。     

双孢蘑菇菌渣堆肥及其肥效的研究

为了促进农业废弃物资源的循环利用,以双孢蘑菇菌渣为研究对象,通过菌渣堆肥中添加发酵剂或鸡粪的处理,分析了堆肥过程中各个时期不同处理的温度、pH值、EC值、全氮、全磷和全钾的变化趋势,并用腐熟后的堆肥菌渣进行了水稻肥效试验。结果表明,双孢蘑菇菌渣堆制过程中加入发酵菌剂可快速提高堆体温度,与未加发酵菌剂的堆肥处理A相比,在堆肥中加入发酵菌剂后,堆肥中全氮、全钾和速效钾的含量增加量分别为处理A的3倍、1.43倍和2.67倍;菌渣堆肥结束后,处理A,处理B和处理C速效磷含量分别比发酵前增加了54.5%、38.5%和58.3%。菌渣肥水稻田间试验表明,双孢蘑菇菌渣有机肥能够促进水稻增产,菌渣堆肥增产效果优于不发酵菌渣,而加于菌剂处理的堆肥增产效果最佳,按400kg·667m-2施肥,水稻空瘪粒数少,穗粒饱满,水稻单产553.37kg·667m-2,与当地常规施肥方式相比较增产20.55%,与不施肥处理相比较增产44.18%。