DEM分辨率对集约化蔗区小流域水文连通性指数的影响

[目的]探究集约化蔗区小流域地表微地形特征参数与水文连通性指数随DEM不同分辨率的变化以及水文连通性指数的最佳DEM分辨率,为后续水文连通性相关研究、农业面源污染及土壤侵蚀等研究提供理论依据与参考.[方法]基于ArcGIS与无人机高分辨率影像,利用分区统计等方法,以中国南方集约化蔗区小流域为例,研究了 DEM不同分辨率...     

Deep incorporation of corn straw benefits soil organic carbon and microbial community composition in a black soil of Northeast China

‘Deep incorporation of corn straw’ (CSDI) is to concentrate the burial of corn straw into the subsurface soil layer (20–40 cm) and to break the plough pan, thereby creating a loosened plough layer (0–20 cm) and a fertile subsurface soil layer. However, its impacts on soil organic carbon (SOC) and the microbial community remain poorly understood. A field experiment was conducted to investigate the effects of 1-year CSDI (CD1), 3-year CSDI (CD3) and 5-year CSDI (CD5) on soil aggregates and aggregate-associated SOC, as well as bacterial and fungal community characteristics (examined by the high-throughput gene sequencing method). The results demonstrated that SOC and soil fungal diversity were decreased by CD1, but increased by CD3 and CD5. Compared with the control, CD5 promoted 2–0.25 mm soil macroaggregation, significantly increased SOC by 8.94% and aggregate-associated SOC by 5.96%–8.84%, consequently improving the physical protection of SOC by soil aggregates. CD3 and CD5 enhanced the richness and diversity of soil bacteria and fungi, and altered community composition. For soil bacteria, the relative abundance of Acidobacteria and Chloroflexi was increased, while that of Firmicutes, Gemmatimonadetes, Sphingomonas and Bacillus was decreased. For soil fungi, the relative abundance of Ascomycota, Zygomycota, Mortierella and Fusarium was greatly improved, but that of Basidiomycota was reduced. These obvious variations in microbial community structure were beneficial to straw degradation and SOC accumulation. Overall, the optimization of microbial community with CSDI plays a positive role in promoting soil organic matter, nutrient cycling and carbon sequestration, and thus improving soil fertility.     

南亚热带主要果树冻(寒)害低温指标的确定

根据历史气候和冻(寒)害灾情资料、2007/2008、2008/2009年冬季盆栽移放试验和典型年考察资料,以及冻(寒)害形态学标准,采用数理统计和对比印证方法,对南亚热带主要果树冻(寒)害低温指标进行研究。确定了几种主要南亚热带果树的轻、中、重、严重冻(寒)害低温指标,结果分别为龙眼:-1.5～0℃、-2.5～-1.5℃、-3.5～-2.5℃、<-3.5℃;荔枝:-2.0～0℃、-3.0～-2.0℃、-4.0～-3.0℃、<-4.0℃;香蕉:3.0～5.0℃、1.0～3.0℃、-1.0～1.0℃、<-1.0℃。结果可为果树冻害监测预警及避冻区划提供参考。     

南疆阿拉尔垦区海岛棉耗水规律研究

通过对7个海岛棉品种土壤水分动态变化分析研究,结果表明,不同品种各生育期土壤含水量、土壤蓄水量存在极显著差异。所有品种土壤含水量在不同土层的变化趋势基本一致,呈现出“Z”字型的规律性变化。即随土层深度的增加,土壤含水量逐渐减少,80～100 cm土层土壤含水量又升高。含水量最高的土层是0～20 cm,最低的土层是60～80 cm。这种规律性变化与棉花生长特点、根系的发育特点以及吸收特点有关。534I、Z181、新海21是节水型品种,能够较充分地利用有限的灌溉水,在干旱半干旱地区具有强大的优势。     

添加生物黑炭对玉米产量、品质、肥料利用率及氮磷径流损失的影响

为了寻找一种既能使作物高产、优质又环境友好的施肥模式,在天然降雨条件下,通过田间小区试验,研究了5种不同施肥模式(不施肥、纯施化肥、生物黑炭与化肥共施、有机无机肥配施、有机无机肥配施添加生物黑炭)对玉米产量、品质、肥料利用率及氮磷径流损失的影响。结果表明:与纯施化肥相比,生物黑炭与化肥共施和有机无机肥配施对玉米产量无明显影响,有机无机肥配施添加生物黑炭可使玉米产量显著提高21.14%;与纯施化肥相比,生物黑炭与化肥共施、有机无机肥配施、有机无机肥配施添加生物黑炭均可提高粗蛋白含量和氮、磷肥利用率,其中对粗蛋白含量提高幅度为12.14%~19.64%,并以有机无机肥配施添加生物黑炭对其提高幅度最大;与纯施化肥相比,生物黑炭与化肥共施、有机无机肥配施、有机无机肥配施添加生物黑炭均可显著减少氮、磷径流损失量,降幅分别为30.47%~59.69%和12.08%~31.22%,其中,有机无机肥配施添加生物黑炭的氮素径流损失降幅最大,生物黑炭与化肥共施的磷素径流损失降幅最大。因此,从提高玉米产量、品质,氮、磷肥利用率以及减少土壤氮、磷径流损失的角度综合考虑,在旱地作物种植施肥模式中推荐有机无机肥配施添加生物黑炭施肥模式。     

成都平原土壤重金属区域分布特征及其污染评价

GPS野外定点调查取样197个,用于成都平原农田土壤重金属Cd、Pb、Cr、Hg的空间分布特征及其污染评价研究。与20年前土壤普查结果相比,广汉、新都、邛崃土壤Cd含量上升最为明显,分别增加了1、1.3和2倍;Pb则以新津、德阳、广汉、新都增加最多,达1.1~3.3倍;Cr、Hg含量变化不大。Kriging空间插值分析表明,除Cd含量表现为东北－西南向逐渐降低外,其余元素的空间变化特征不明显,但表现出明显的区域性。应用地质累积指数法进行土壤重金属污染评价的结果表明,近50%的土壤Pb、Cd含量受到人为活动的影响,以Pb最为明显。Pb污染级别为1~4级,重点污染区域为新都、广汉、新津、德阳等地;Cd污染级别虽小（1~2级）,但污染范围较大,主要分布在新都、德阳、广汉、双流、新津、彭州等地;仅有少部分样点受到Cr、Hg污染。     

1981-2006年藏西北地区草地植被盖度动态变化分析

基于长期遥感数据和地面实测数据,以植被盖度为例,监测了藏西北地区牧草长势及其变化趋势。结果表明:藏西北地区草地植被盖度不高,多年平均值仅为27.2%。1981-2006年,藏西北地区大部分区域(约占草地总面积的60.7%)高寒草地植被盖度年际变化属于正常波动范围;显著降低区域约占总面积的3.6%,主要分布于植被盖度相对较高的东南部地区;植被盖度显著增高区域约占35.7%,主要分布于植被盖度相对较低的中部和北部地区。在整体上,藏西北地区草地植被平均盖度略有增高趋势。     

The conservation game

Conservation problems typically involve groups with competing objectives and strategies. Taking effective conservation action requires identifying dependencies between competing strategies and determining which action optimally achieves the appropriate conservation goals given those dependencies. We show how several real-world conservation problems can be modeled game-theoretically. Three types of problems drive our analysis: multi-national conservation cooperation, management of common-pool resources, and games against nature. By revealing the underlying structure of these and other problems, game-theoretic models suggest potential solutions that are often invisible to the usual management protocol: decision followed by monitoring, feedback and revised decisions. The kind of adaptive management provided by the game-theoretic approach therefore complements existing adaptive management methodologies.     

城市农业发展驱动力筛选和驱动机制定量分析——以潍坊市为例

我国以农业立国,农业景观是我国国土的基本面貌与存在,但这种普遍的存在,往往容易被忽视和轻慢。作为新兴的设计类型与意识形态,城市农业景观的发展必将极大地影响当下城市空间的肌理与结构。本研究利用潍坊市城市农业产值数据和社会经济资料,构建了一套能定量分析影响潍坊市城市农业产值变化的驱动力及其内在驱动机制的指标体系。在时间尺度上,从经济、社会、资源、环境等4个方面初步筛选驱动力原始指标,然后通过相关性分析、主成分分析从原始指标中筛选出15个子驱动力,再利用偏最小二乘法(PLS)分析各驱动力对潍坊市城市农业产值增加量的影响程度,建立驱动机制模型。结果表明:对潍坊市城市农业产值增加量正影响程度较大的因子为农村居民人均纯收入、农业机械总动力、有效灌溉面积、城市污水集中处理率,驱动指数分别为0.250 9、0.101 9、0.165 5、0.133 2,负影响程度较大的因子为农用塑料薄膜使用量,驱动指数为-0.214 6。该研究为城市农业发展提供了借鉴,并为相关研究提供了参考。