Proportionality principle revisited – relationship between application rates and pesticide residue concentrations in food commodities

BACKGROUND

The proportionality principle has been broadly used for over 10 years in regulatory assessments of pesticide residues. It allows extrapolation of supervised field trial data conducted at lower or higher application rates compared to the use pattern under evaluation by adjustment of measured concentrations, assuming direct proportionality between the rates applied and the resulting residues. This work revisits the principle idea by using supervised residue trials sets conducted under identical conditions but with deviating application rates. Four different statistical methods were used to investigate the relationship between application rates and residue concentrations and to draw conclusions on the statistical significance of the direct proportionality assumed.

RESULTS

Based on over 5000 individual trial results, the assumption of direct proportionality was not confirmed to be statistically significant (P > 0.05) using three models: direct comparison of application rates and residue concentrations ratios and two linear log-log regression models correlating application rate and residue concentration or only residue concentrations per se. In addition, a fourth model analysed deviations between expected concentrations following direct proportional adjustment and measured residue values from corresponding field trials. In 56% of all cases, the deviation was larger than ±25%, which represents the tolerance usually accepted for the selection of supervised field trials in regulatory assessments.

CONCLUSION

Overall, the assumption of direct proportionality between application rates and resulting residue concentrations of pesticides was not statistically significant. Although the proportionality approach is highly pragmatic in regulatory practice, its use should be considered carefully on a case-by-case basis. © 2023 The Authors. Pest Management Science published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd on behalf of Society of Chemical Industry.     

欧盟食品动物注射部位兽药残留指南概述

2022年3月25日,欧盟药品管理局(EMA)兽医药品委员会(CVMP)发布了食品动物注射部位兽药残留指南,并于2022年8月1日正式生效。该指南代替旧版的注射部位兽药残留指南(EMA/CVMP/542/03-FINAL)。本文就新发布指南的背景、适用范围、法律依据、评价方法、残留研究及相关定义等内容进行介绍。     

贵阳地区水稻中甲胺磷农药残留研究

甲胺磷（methamidophos）具有内吸、触杀和胃毒杀作用，防治抗性蚜、蟥和水稻叶蝉、悦虱等药效较好，但残留期较长，有时会影响作物的品质。通过对贵阳地区水稻中甲胺磷农药残留分析，得到贵阳地区的大米中甲胺磷未检出。样品以丙酮提取，经过盐析、再经二氯甲烷萃取后进行气相色谱分析（最低检测浓度为0.03μg/g），本方法的结果符合农药残留分析的要求，因此说明贵阳地区的大米中甲胺磷没有超标，为贵阳地区绿色食品的开发提供理论依据。     

沼肥对水稻增产作用的研究

本文根据本所4年沼肥肥效定位试验结果,证实沼气发酵剩余物是一种缓速兼性的优质有机肥料。不仅沼液、浮渣、沉渣单独施用对水稻有较为显著的增产作用,而且沼液、浮渣、沉渣合并施用对水稻的增产作用更为显著,因此,必须纠正某些地方“弃渣用液”或“弃液用渣”的片面施用沼肥的现象,大力提倡全沼肥的合理施用。     

变铅青链霉菌DNA的研究——Ⅱ.位点特异性降解与DNA修饰的关系

变铅青链霉菌的DNA上存在着一种异常的修饰,使其在含有微量Fe~(++)的缓冲液中电泳时,双链DNA遭到降解。DNA的切割是位点特异性的。与已知修饰特征的DNA进行同步试验发现,变铅青链霉菌的这种特异性修饰与目前所发现的修饰系统(如DNA甲基化)均不相同,很可能是一种新的修饰系统。     

江苏设施菜地控释氮肥一次性基施增效减排效果研究

江苏设施蔬菜集约化程度高,劳动力需求大,氮肥用量大,面源污染问题突出。控释氮肥在该地区集约化蔬菜上应用后的减量、增效和减排潜力尚缺乏研究。本研究通过连续三季田间试验,设置4个施肥处理:常规施尿素氮100%N(N1)、常规施尿素氮70%N(N2)、基肥一次性施氮70%N(N3,控释氮与尿素氮的比例为7∶3)、基肥和一次追肥70%N(N4,基肥氮为控释氮,追肥氮全部为尿素氮,控释氮与尿素氮的比例为7∶3),研究其对集约化花椰菜和番茄产量、环境效应和经济效益的影响。结果表明:与N1、N2和N4相比,N3处理的产量和利润每季均为最高,花椰菜和番茄平均产量分别达到86.4 t·hm~(-2)和87.0 t·hm~(-2),利润分别达到12.0万元·hm~(-2)和12.2万元·hm~(-2),氨挥发量最低,仅为4.4 kg N·hm~(-2)和9.3 kg N·hm~(-2),三季蔬菜种植后土壤中硝态氮的残留量最低。与N1处理相比,N3处理可使花椰菜和番茄分别平均增产3.7%和21.3%,分别增收10.7%和40.3%,并分别平均减少64.0%和46.9%氨挥发。基于此,在江苏设施蔬菜种植上,与常规(N1)相比,控释氮肥与尿素7∶3混合一次性基施,可减氮30%且增效减排效果显著,值得在生产上推广应用。     

10%世高水分散剂在白菜及土壤中的残留分析方法

建立了10%世高水分散剂在白菜及土壤中的残留分析方法。该方法的最小检出量为1.2×10-12g。以0.0100 mg/L,0.1000 mg/L,1.000 mg/L进行添加回收试验,结果表明,白菜植株的平均回收率为90.7%~92.8%,相对标准偏差为1.2%~8.5%;土壤样本的回收率为87.2%~92.9%,相对标准偏差为2.5%~9.1%。该方法的灵敏度、准确度、精密度均符合农药残留技术测定要求。     

Remediation of amide pesticide-polluted soils by combined solarization and ozonation treatment

Agriculture has a close relationship with nature, but it can also be the source of negative and permanent environmental effects. The use of pesticides in modern agriculture is a common practice, but their side effects on the environment cannot be disregarded. In this study, we evaluated a combination of solarization and ozonation techniques for the elimination of six amide pesticides (boscalid, chlorantraniliprole, cyflufenamid, fluopyram, napropamide, and propyzamide) in soil. Initial experiments were performed with four different soils to assess the efficiency of this methodology at different soil temperatures and ozone dosages under laboratory conditions, and then a greenhouse pot experiment was conducted under controlled conditions during summer. Fifty days after the onset of the experiments, higher degradation percentages of amide pesticides were observed in ozonized soils than in other treated soils, particularly when ozone was applied at 10 cm soil depth. The results show that the utilization of ozonation, along with solarization, represents a valid method for degrading residues of the studied pesticides and suggest that this combined technology may be a promising tool for remediating pesticide-polluted soils.     

养殖水体中氯酚残留特征及其与环境因子关系初探

采用固相微萃取（SPME）与气-质联用方法,测定分析了3种养殖模式水体中氯酚化合物（CPs）的污染特征。结果表明,19种CPs类化合物在一般四大家鱼养殖水体（A）、猪-鱼综合养殖模式水体（B）以及鸭-鱼综合养殖模式水体（C）表层水中的分布特征相似。总CPs及10种CPs化合物在不同养殖方式水体中浓度由高到低的顺序为A〉B〉C。表层水中残留浓度比较高的一氯酚、二氯酚、三氯酚和四氯酚分别是3-CP和4-CP、2,4-DCP、2,4,6-TCP、2,3,4,6-TCP。回归分析表明,铁、锰总含量与总CPs和PCP含量存在显著负相关。     

甲氰菊酯在苹果园土壤中的降解行为研究

为了评价甲氰菊酯在苹果园使用后的生态环境行为和效应,采用室内模拟方法,借助气相色谱分析技术,研究了甲氰菊酯在3种苹果园土壤中的降解半衰期与土壤理化性质和环境条件的关系。结果表明,甲氰菊酯在土壤中的降解主要是微生物降解,非生物降解所占比例较小,降解规律符合一级动力学模型,在25℃时降解半衰期为27．5～30．4d;甲氰菊酯在苹果园土壤中降解的半衰期与土壤有机质含量和土壤pH值呈显著高度负相关,常温下相关系数为0．9;综合微生物降解和非生物降解因素,苹果园土壤中甲氰菊酯降解的适宜温度是30—35℃。