内蒙古解放闸灌域表层土壤多氯联苯污染特征和来源分析

在内蒙古解放闸灌域采集49个表层土壤样品,采用气相色谱-电子捕获检测器(GC-ECD)测定8种多氯联苯PCBs的浓度,探讨PCBs的污染特征、组成特征、空间分布和污染来源,以及土壤理化性质对PCBs浓度分布的影响。结果表明,解放闸灌域表层土壤中∑PCBs浓度范围为ND～209.95 ng·g~(-1),均值为15.09 ng·g~(-1),与国内外其他地区相比,处于较低污染水平。PCB1、PCB29和PCB47的均值和检出率均较高,是解放闸灌域表层土壤中的优势污染物。土壤中PCBs同系物组成表现为:PCB29(38.65%)PCB1(33.33%)PCB47(11.62%)PCB5(8.25%)PCB98(8.14%),其余单体的检出量很少,说明主要以低氯联苯污染为主。土壤中PCBs浓度的空间分布存在一定差异性,表现为东北高于西南,其西南部呈点状分布。土壤理化性质对PCBs浓度的影响表现为:PCBs浓度分布受pH值的影响,而不受有机质、EC值、砂粒、粉粒和黏粒的影响。相关性分析和因子分析结果显示,解放闸灌域表层土壤中PCBs的污染源主要来自电容器和变压器油的泄露。     

A comparison between multivariate Slash, Student's t and probit threshold models for analysis of clinical mastitis in first lactation cows

Robust threshold models with multivariate Student's t or multivariate Slash link functions were employed to infer genetic parameters of clinical mastitis at different stages of lactation, with each cow defining a cluster of records. The robust fits were compared with that from a multivariate probit model via a pseudo‐Bayes factor and an analysis of residuals. Clinical mastitis records on 36 178 first‐lactation Norwegian Red cows from 5286 herds, daughters of 245 sires, were analysed. The opportunity for infection interval, going from 30 days pre‐calving to 300 days postpartum, was divided into four periods: (i) ?30 to 0 days pre‐calving; (ii) 1–30 days; (iii) 31–120 days; and (iv) 121–300 days of lactation. Within each period, absence or presence of clinical mastitis was scored as 0 or 1 respectively. Markov chain Monte Carlo methods were used to draw samples from posterior distributions of interest. Pseudo‐Bayes factors strongly favoured the multivariate Slash and Student's t models over the probit model. The posterior mean of the degrees of freedom parameter for the Slash model was 2.2, indicating heavy tails of the liability distribution. The posterior mean of the degrees of freedom for the Student's t model was 8.5, also pointing away from a normal liability for clinical mastitis. A residual was the observed phenotype (0 or 1) minus the posterior mean of the probability of mastitis. The Slash and Student's t models tended to have smaller residuals than the probit model in cows that contracted mastitis. Heritability of liability to clinical mastitis was 0.13–0.14 before calving, and ranged from 0.05 to 0.08 after calving in the robust models. Genetic correlations were between 0.50 and 0.73, suggesting that clinical mastitis resistance is not the same trait across periods, corroborating earlier findings with probit models.     

白色污染对棉花根系生长发育的影响

研究了土壤中地膜残留对土壤物理性状、棉花根系生长发育及产量的影响.结果表明,(1)土壤含水量和孔隙度随残留地膜的增加而减小,而土壤容重和比重随之增加.(2)在0～40 cm土壤中,残膜能够刺激棉花根系的生长,当残膜量为900 kg/hm2 以下时,棉花根表面积、根长密度和根重都大量增加;在40～100 cm土壤中,残膜阻碍根系生长,使根系生物量下降.(3)随着残膜数量增加,棉花干物质重和冠/根均随着残膜量的增加而减小,棉花地下部地上部生长不协调,产量降低.因此,一定数量的残膜刺激根系生长的现象是棉花植株的适应性反应,而残膜对棉花的生物学产量和经济学产量均有负面影响,残膜数量越大,减产作用越明显.     

溴虫腈在菜用大豆上残留动态及安全使用技术

采用气相色谱（GC-ECD）及田间试验方法,研究了溴虫腈在菜用大豆中的残留消解动态和安全使用技术。结果表明,溴虫腈在菜用大豆上的原始残留沉积量因不同施药处理而有所差异。其残留消解动态符合一级动力学关系,相关系数（︱r︱）=0.9438-0.9847（P〈0.01）;早季的消解系数（︱k︱）=0.13555±0.001955,半衰期（T1/2）为5.0-5.2 d,消解99%所需要的时间（T0.99）为33.5-34.5 d;晚季的︱k︱=0.12748±0.00268,T1/2为5.3-5.6 d,T0.99为35.4-36.9 d。按常规施药方法,在菜用大豆上施用溴虫腈（112.50 g·hm^-2）,在施药1次后17 d,早季豆的农药最终残留量为0.448 mg·kg^-1,晚季豆的农药最终残留量为0.519 mg·kg^-1;连续施药2次（间隔7 d）后22 d,早季豆的农药最终残留量为0.459 mg·kg^-1,晚季豆的农药最终残留量为0.536 mg·kg^-1,产品质量安全水平均符合美国规定的最高残留限量标准。     

稳定性尿素中脲酶抑制剂作用效果的快速检测方法

以尿素残留差异率作为评价指标,研究了影响脲酶抑制剂抑制作用测定的主要因素,包括浸提温度、浸提时间、脲酶液浓度、土壤用量、浸提液种类等。确立了目前测定稳定性尿素中脲酶抑制剂抑制作用效果的最佳快速检测方法:以1.0000g普通尿素作为对照肥料,称取1.0000g稳定性尿素,加入0.5昏/L脲酶缓冲溶液100mL,10g风干土,在37℃下振荡5h后测定土壤中尿素残留量,以尿素残留差异率对脲酶抑制剂作用进行评价,提高了检测效率和准确度。     

基于灰色系统的动态平差坝体变形预报

根据运动是趋势性运动与随机性运动的观点,利用灰色系统理论,建立变形监测网随时间变化的GH(1,1)模型和残差改正模型,并把两者结合形成组合模型,利用组合模型对坝体多期变形观测数据进行平差和预报。实践表明,此方法解决了平差与预报统一问题,不仅理论上是严密的,平差和预报精度高,而且便于编程,可以实现计算自动化。     

河北滦县花生地膜残留污染监测试验报告

利用2种(质量平衡法、田间实测法)试验方法对滦县花生地膜残留量进行监测,获得每667m2花生地膜的残留量为0.625kg,残留量占使用量的20.8%。     

Physiological and Mineralogical Properties of Arsenic-Induced Chlorosis in Barley Seedlings Grown Hydroponically

The experiment was carried out to investigate the effects of arsenic (As) on the physiological and mineralogical properties of barley (Hordeum vulgare L. cv. ‘Minorimugi’). The plants were grown in nutrient solution treated with 0, 6.7, 33.5, and 67 μ M As (0, 0.5, 2.5, and 5 ppm As, respectively) in the phytotron. Dry matter yield of shoots and roots decreased significantly with the As treatments, indicating that barley plants are As-sensitive and As-toxicity depends on the As concentration in the rooting medium. Necrosis in older leaves and chlorosis symptoms (whitish color) in the fully developed young leaves were observed at the 33.5 and 67 μ M As treatments. Arsenic concentration, accumulation, and translocation increased with the increase of As concentration in the rooting medium. Arsenic was mostly concentrated in roots and a little amount was moved to shoots, indicating that As was not easily translocated to shoots of barley seedlings. Concentrations and accumulations of phosphorus (P), potassium (K), calcium (Ca), magnesium (Mg), manganese (Mn), zinc (Zn), and copper (Cu) decreased significantly in shoots for 33.5 and 67 μ M As treatments as compared to the 0 μ M As treatment. Concentrations of P, K, Ca, Mg, Mn, and Cu decreased in roots, but Zn concentration increased in roots at 67 μ M As treatment. Accumulations of P, K, Ca, Mg, Mn, Zn, and Cu in roots also decreased significantly at 67 μ M As treatment. Accumulation of P and the cations showed negative relationship with As. Concentration of Fe decreased in shoots at 33.5 and 67 μ M As treatments where chlorosis was induced in the young leaf but increased in roots at 33.5 and 67 μ M As treatments. It was suggested that As might induce iron (Fe)-chlorosis in the plants. Among the micronutrients, Fe translocation was more affected than others by As. Phytosiderophore (PS) accumulation in roots, which is a symptom of Fe-deficiency in grasses, did not change significantly between 0 and 33.5 μ M As treatments; indicating that As-induced chlorosis did not enhance PS accumulation in roots and decreased due to As-toxicity at 67 μ M As treatment.     

微生物砷甲基化及挥发研究进展

砷(As)是一种全球关注的有毒元素。在自然环境中,砷主要以无机形态存在。环境微生物对无机砷的甲基化及挥发对砷的生物地球化学循环有重要影响。利用微生物砷挥发来削减土壤砷浓度,是具有应用前景的土壤修复技术。本文综述了砷甲基化机理、砷甲基化基因起源和进化的最新进展,不同物种之间砷甲基化基因的水平转移是该基因传播的主要途径;阐述了目前报道的砷甲基化过程的几种可能机制。鉴于微生物砷甲基化在生物地球化学循环及环境健康方面的重要作用,该综述对未来该领域研究有重要指导意义。     

Reselection of a Pearl Millet Cultivar Utilizing Residual Variability for Downy Mildew Reaction*

‘BJ 104’ was the most widely grown pearl millet hybrid in India until it became susceptible to downy mildew (DM) in 1984—85. Residual variability for resistance was found in both parental lines, 5141 B (maintainer of 5141 A) and J 104, and through four generations of pedigree selection under intense disease pressure in the DM nursery, two lines, IC-MA841 (from 5141 B) and ICMP 84814 (from J 104), were selected resulting in a reconstituted DM resistant hybrid (‘ICMH 84814’) which was equal in yield to the original ‘BJ 104’. The reconstituted hybrid, though phenotypically similar, can be distinguished from “BJ 104” being slightly taller, flowers later, has heavier heads, and 1000-seed weight, but tillers less. A similar exercise was attempted on Tifton 23 B, the female parent of the first widely grown hybrid (‘HB 3’— the male parent was also J 104), but no variability for resistance to DM was found.