农村环境现状及保护:甘肃省临洮县红旗乡调研

随着社会主义新农村建设的深入,农特建设规模迅速扩大,农民生活也发生了巨大变化,但农村环境问题已成为农村经济社会可持续发展的制约因素.通过问卷调查,主要研究了甘肃省临洮县红旗乡的环境污染现状,并提出了相应的农村环境保护建议.     

中国东部平原农村居民点破碎化状况与成因分析

农村居民点破碎化导致中国农村地区公共服务设施与市政基础设施建设缺乏规模效益与服务效率,成为制约中国农村地区社会经济发展的重要因素。该研究采用空间分层取样法在中国东部平原地区选择了240个10 km×10 km的样点,以高分辨率遥感影像为数据基础,通过遥感影像目视解译、景观指数分析、热点分析等多种方法对中国东部平原农村居民点破碎化状况及其影响因素进行了研究,并分析了中国东部平原不同地区适宜的农村居民点数量与服务范围。结果表明：1）中国东部平原农村居民点破碎化程度表现为：长江中下游平原>东北平原>华北平原,破碎化程度最高的区域位于长江中下游平原,破碎化程度最低的区域位于华北平原与东北平原北部。2）气候、人口密度、耕作半径、土地开发时序、土地开发时期交通状况等自然、经济、社会因素在中国东部平原地区农村居民点空间分布格局形成过程中发挥着重要作用。3）中国东部平原地区每100 km2农村居民点数量不宜低于3～4个,每个村庄的服务范围不宜超过33.6～45.8 km2。4）华北平原为中国东部平原中开展农村居民点破碎化治理难度最大的区域,该区域尽量避免以整村迁并的形式开展农村居民点破碎化治理,而应以农户为单位,在农民自愿的基础上开展农村居民点迁并;长江中下游平原地区为中国东部平原农村居民点破碎化治理潜力最大的区域,该区域农村居民点布局优化应与农田布局调整协同推进,并根据不同地区耕作通勤状况合理确定中心村数量与位置,避免因农村居民点布局调整导致农民耕作不便。研究结果可为中国东部平原地区乡村空间重构过程中合理确定农村居民点数量与规模提供研究基础。     

基于样地法的喀斯特山区县域耕地质量等别变化监测评价——以重庆市秀山县为例

[目的]对喀斯特山区县——重庆市秀山县耕地质量等别变化进行监测评价,为该区耕地保护工作提供科学依据。[方法]采用样地法开展监测评价。[结果]首先通过对秀山县自然条件及社会经济现状进行分析,对该县耕地质量监测因素区域划分及叠加分析后,构建了10等旱地沉陷等40个秀山县2014年度耕地等别渐变类型区。在此基础上,利用样地法获取各等别渐变类型区监测指标。根据获得的监测因素值,按照"农用地质量分等规程"计算得到2014年耕地利用等指数。[结论]通过测算,秀山县2014年度各等别渐变类型区耕地平均等别表现稳定。耕地质量不同等别之间变化较小、各等别渐变类型区平均等别表现稳定和各等别之间面积增减较小3个方面。     

Conservation of Northern European plant diversity: the correspondence with soil pH

Effective biodiversity conservation requires an analysis of the existing reserve system. In temperate and boreal regions, plant diversity has a strong positive association with soil pH. Consequently, in order to protect plant diversity effectively, a relatively large proportion of protected areas should be on high pH soils. Since biodiversity data are never complete for all taxa, biodiversity indicators, e.g., threatened species, should be used. We studied soil pH distributions in protected areas in Northern Europe and tested whether soil pH requirement differs between threatened and non-threatened bryophyte and vascular plant species. As result, the proportion of high pH soils in protected areas was significantly greater than the proportion of these soils in general. This ensures that a large regional pool of plant species preferring high pH soils is relatively well protected. Threatened and non-threatened species in Northern Europe did not differ in their soil pH requirements, but threatened species required a narrower soil pH range than non-threatened species. Consequently, threatened species diversity can be used for indicating overall plant diversity.     

Testing the utility of abiotic surrogates for marine habitat mapping at scales relevant to management

Habitat mapping at the scale at which marine protected areas are designed and managed is essential for assessment of, and design for, representation. Most habitat mapping studies rely solely or in part on abiotic surrogates for patterns of biodiversity. The utility of abiotic variables in predicting biological distributions at the local scale (10 s of km) was tested in a remote video survey of macrobenthos in Moreton Bay, Australia. Habitat classifications of the same set of 41 sites based on 6 abiotic variables and abundances of 89 taxa and bioturbation indicators were compared using correlation, regression and ordination analyses. The concepts of false homogeneity (abiotically similar but biologically distinct) and false heterogeneity (abiotically distinct but biologically similar) were defined to describe types of errors associated with using abiotic surrogates to construct habitat maps, and quantified using two separate methods. Overall, the best prediction by abiotic surrogates explained less than 30% of the pattern of biological similarity. Errors of false homogeneity were between 20% and 62%, depending on the methods of estimation. Predictive capability of abiotic surrogates at the taxon level was poor, with only 6% of taxon/surrogate correlations significant. Abiotic variables did not discriminate sufficiently between different soft bottom communities to be a reliable basis for mapping. These results have implications for the widespread use of abiotic surrogates in marine habitat mapping to plan for, or assess, representation in marine protected areas. Little confidence can be placed in marine habitat classifications based solely or largely on abiotic surrogates without calibration by rigorous biological surveys at the appropriate scale. Therefore, it is questionable whether marine protected areas designed on this basis can have measurable benefits for conservation.     

内蒙古西部黄土丘陵区土壤水分动态初探

通过对内蒙古西部黄土丘陵区土壤水分的初步研究,表明:该区土壤水分的垂直动态分布分为三个不同层次,即:水分不稳定层(0～40cm);中间过渡层(40～100cm);水分相对稳定层(100～200cm);旱作土壤水分的动态变化与降雨的变化基本一致;作物对土壤水分的消耗主要是当年降雨。     

热区桃树育苗技术研究

对解除桃种子休眠的3种方法及2种嫁接方法在不同生长季节的嫁接成活率进行比较研究。结果表明,用冷藏和除去种皮的方法可解除桃种子的休眠,切接和嵌芽接对桃树嫁接的成活率都较高,但用嵌芽接法嫁接较好。     

贵阳市少数民族地区生态文明建设之优劣势研究

通过对贵阳市少数民族地区生态文明建设的优劣势分析,说明生态文明建设要取得良好的成效,必须要有针对性地发挥其优势,避免其劣势。     

节能农宅建设探析——以天水农宅建设为例

随着新农村建设的开展,农村住宅建筑迅速增加。针对西北地区农宅建设中存在的高能耗等问题,通过对农宅的庭园布置、围护结构（墙体、屋面、门窗等）进行节能设计,以提高其舒适度,满足人民群众生活的需要。