农村居民点重构治理路径模式的研究

为补充并丰富国内对农村居民点重构治理路径模型的理论研究,针对不同重构模式探索治理路径的选择方向,提升农村居民点重构治理的实践绩效,该研究1)比较分析了不同农村居民点重构的差异特点,区分识别了当前农村居民点重构的3种典型模式:"拆迁型"、"建设型"和"保留型";2)在简要回顾2个经典理论的基础上,构建了全新的治理路径分析框架:"光谱-阶梯治理路径";3)针对不同重构模式选择了广西省柳州市3个典型案例对治理路径及绩效优劣进行比较研究。研究发现不同重构模式相对适宜于特定混合型重构治理路径,治理路径的选择应考虑主客观状况的匹配程度,充分体现政府、市场和民众的公共资源多中心治理。在当前中国的现实条件下,只有注重政府推动、市场配置与农户构想的有机统一,并在治理路径中额外加强政策支持、引导和监管,才能确保农民作为重构活动的主体地位,切实促进农村居民点重构的治理效果最优,充分实现土地利用的规模化和集约化。     

农村留守妇女非正常生存问题的归因研究

在综述前人研究基础上系统梳理出留守妇女非正常生存问题,提出非正常生存问题的诱发性因素——家庭离散。为验证这一假设,使用湖北省留守妇女生存与发展状况调查(2012)的数据,以家庭离散作为切入点,并将其作为自变量逐一与5类非正常生存问题进行回归分析,以此考察家庭离散与留守妇女问题之间的显著性程度与影响大小。结果表明,家庭离散对留守妇女的身体健康、婚姻安全、代际关系、劳动生产以及自身发展产生显著性影响。     

四川盆地丘陵及盆周低山区杉木实生林生长特点及提高产量的途径

四川盆地丘陵及盆周低山区杉木实生林受气候等环境条件的影响,速生期早而短,若立地条件差则很多林木因早熟而达不到培育目标。本研究在调查杉木主要分布区林分生长状况基础上,通过树干解析、生长过程对比分析,弄清了该地区杉木林分速生期持续的年限,并提出了以间作、合理施肥、合理密植为提高产量的主要措施。试验证明,这些措施具有明显的效果,既改良了林地土壤的理化性质、提高了土壤肥力,又延长了林分的速生期,提高林分蓄积并改善了木材的规格质量,其经济效益和社会效益都十分明显。     

不同年龄段的农村老人养老现状及思考——基于宝鸡市1064名农村老人的实证调查

为全面了解宝鸡市农村老人的养老现状,通过入户发放问卷对宝鸡市三个整村的1 179名老人进行了调查,运用SPSS计算机统计软件对问卷数据进行了统计分析.结果显示,不同年龄阶段的农村老人在养老方式、子女赡养、帮扶对象等方面存在多元需求,因此探索建立养老服务的新模式体系,建议不同年龄段老人采用不同的养老方式;提出子女赡养和贫困救助帮扶的建议;针对农村老人特点开展丰富的文化娱乐活动,提高老人的生命质量.希望能缓解宝鸡市农村老人养老面临的巨大压力.     

小陇山林区高寒地沙棘的栽培技术

近年来,随着沙棘在绿化荒山、保持水土、改善生态环境等方面的营养价值和药用价值的不断开发与综合利用,沙棘已成为北方主要的栽培树种之一。为给沙棘在高寒地的栽培与推广提供技术指导,自2001年以来,在小陇山林业局滩歌林场秦岭高寒山区进行了大面积的人工栽培试验,并总结出了一整套沙棘栽培技术。     

全国高等院校农村区域发展本科专业建设的主要经验研究

我国高等院校农村区域发展专业在建设中积累了大量的经验。这些经验主要包括:因地制宜设定了本专业人才培养的目标,优化课程体系,以核心教材和区域性特色教材开发为突破口,积极加强教材建设,推行参与式教学方法,制定了科学的专业发展规划。     

At sea movement of Macquarie Island giant petrels: Relationships with marine protected areas and Regional Fisheries Management Organisations

Satellite tracking devices were used to examine the at sea movements of southern and northern giant petrels from Macquarie Island during the Austral summers of 2005-06 and 2006-07. Time spent at sea for nine northern giant petrels (four breeding adults, five recently fledged juveniles) and 10 southern giant petrels (three breeding adults, one non-breeding adult, and six recently fledged juveniles) was examined in relation to marine protected areas and fishing activity in the area immediately adjacent to Macquarie Island in 2005-06, and in terms of the jurisdictions of Regional Fisheries Management Authorities (RFMOs) at a broader scale during both seasons. Breeding adult southern and northern giant petrels spent a large proportion of their time at sea in the Macquarie Island Marine Park (25% and 65%, respectively), primarily during chick rearing. Further from Macquarie Island, the most important foraging areas for adult giant petrels were the Commission for the Conservation of Antarctic Marine Living Resources (CCAMLR) statistical sub-areas 58.4.1 and 88.1, where foraging activity was concentrated around the ice edge and the Polar Frontal Zone. Fledglings of both species spent time in the Marine Park immediately after fledging, before moving into international waters. We found significant temporal and spatial overlap in the areas used by recently fledged juvenile northern giant petrels and the areas utilised by the single trawler that operated in these waters during 2005-06. Adult giant petrels spent little time in RFMO waters other than those under the jurisdiction of CCAMLR, but fledgling southern and northern giant petrels spent considerable time (56% and 78% of total time at sea) on the high seas of the Pacific Ocean, in areas under the jurisdictions of the Commission for the Conservation of Southern Bluefin Tuna (CCSBT), the Western and Central Pacific Fisheries Commission (WCPFC), the Inter American Tropical Tuna Commission (IATTC) and the South Pacific Regional Fisheries Management Organisation (SPRFMO). Band returns indicate that the International Commission for the Conservation of Atlantic Tunas (ICCAT) and the South East Atlantic Fisheries Organisation (SEAFO) areas are likely to be extensively utilised by Macquarie Island giant petrels in the first three years after fledging. Overall, Macquarie Island’s giant petrel populations are well protected by marine reserves during the breeding season. However, after fledging birds move into RFMO areas that currently have low standards of observer coverage and by catch mitigation, and where fisheries related mortality is likely to pose a significant risk.     

Do farmers care about climate change? Evidence from five major grain producing areas of China

Using a logistic model, this paper empirically investigated farmers' perception of climate change and its determinants based on a field survey of 1 350 rural households across five major grain producing provinces in China. The results show: i) There is an apparent difference in perception levels for long-term temperature and precipitation changes. Specifically, 57.4% of farmers perceived the long-term temperature change correctly, but only 29.7% of farmers perceived the long-term precipitation change correctly; ii) The factors influencing the farmers' perceptions are almost completely different between precipitation and temperature, the former are mostly agriculture related, while latter are mostly non-agriculture related, except for farm size; and iii) Farmers are not expected to pay more attention to long-term precipitation changes over the crop growing seasons, because less than 30% of farmers can correctly perceive long-term precipitation change. Therefore, to improve the accuracy of farmers' perceptions of climate change, the government is recommended to: i) enhance education and training programs; ii) speed up land transfer and expand household land farm size; iii) develop farmer cooperative organizations; iv) invest more in agricultural infrastructure, specifically in major grain producing regions; and v) improve the agricultural environment and increase farming income.     

A critical sites network for freshwater biodiversity in the Lake Victoria Basin

The Lake Victoria Basin (LVB) is known for its high levels of species richness and endemism. Freshwater ecosystems within this region are highly threatened, putting both biodiversity and human livelihoods at risk. Protected areas (PAs) should provide the foundation for conservation actions to tackle threats but currently poorly represent freshwater species. To address this issue, systematic conservation planning (Marxan) was used to identify networks of sites within the LVB for the conservation of freshwater biodiversity, based on existing Key Biodiversity Areas (KBAs) and PAs, and with minimal cost in terms of area and human impact. Networks were identified separately for threatened species and/or those endemic to the LVB, and those susceptible to the impacts of climate change. Here, these were combined to present an overall sites network for the conservation of freshwater biodiversity. Site‐level recommendations are provided as a scientific basis for the development and expansion of the existing network.